Assessing sanitary mixtures in East African cities

Letema, Sammy

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-769-1

Cited by 10 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…This means that the potential privilege of eco-san facilities compared to normal toilets was not fulfilled in practice. Letema (2012) also reports from Kisumu in Kenya, where eco-san toilets have been implemented in a few slum settlements, that the facilities are more a 'showcase' rather than a functional system. He also mentions that the link between the toilet facility and the urban farmers are yet to be established (Letema, 2012).…”

Section: Accessibility Of Reuse Centresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another example from application of SANCHIS in decision-making on sanitation facilities in the Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam (van Buuren, 2010), urine diverting toilets are ranked higher compared to normal flush toilets for the criterion of nutrient recovery. Although this evaluation is correct potentially, in practice there are many examples of urine diverting toilets being implemented but remained without any nutrients recovery due to the missing link between production and reuse (see Letema, 2012 andCarlesen et al, 2008 for examples on this). Under such conditions, rating biogas systems or urine diverting systems high in evaluations, just based on their being representative for resource recovery, without any regard to the actual provisions for resource recovery in practice is an illusion of validity.…”

Section: Development Of a Probabilistic Evaluation Framework For Decimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the main reasons identified for this low level of success is related to lack of the required link between the toilet owners and the farmers or reuse centres (Letema, 2012;Carlesen, 2008).…”

Section: Accessibility Of Reuse Centresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the available resources for collection and transport, the decision makers shall determine a distance within which the products could be transported to the reuse centres. For instance, for bio-latrines in Kisumu, Kenya, the implementation is planned in a way that these facilities can serve the residents in 60 m radius from the facility location (Letema, 2012). The 60 m radius is selected so that the piped biogas can be securely and easily distributed among the residents.…”

Section: Quantification Of Reuse Centres Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of Modernized Mixtures (MM) introduced by Spaargaren et al (2006), tries to keep distance from these debates and aims at combining the best features of centralized and decentralized systems. It uses a mix of scales, strategies, technologies, payment systems and decision-making structures, to create a better fit within the conditions for which they are designed (Hegger, 2007;Oosteveer and Spaargaren 2010;Letema, 2012).…”

Section: An Introduction To the Global Sanitation Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

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Judgment under uncertainty; a probabilistic evaluation framework for decision-making about sanitation systems in low-income countries

Malekpour

Langeveld

Letema

et al. 2013

Journal of Environmental Management

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for their great ideas, inputs and comments on this work. Working with Jules has indeed been a great pleasure for me, not only because he is an outstanding professor, but also because of the great person that he is. Double thanks to Francois for his confidence in me and for creating a great opportunity for my future experiences.I would also like to convey my sincere regards to Prof. Gertjan Medema who has always been a support for me in different stages of my master studies. Many regards to Eng. Amir Hajizadeh, my first and forever manager, who gave me the initial drive to pursue my studies in TU Delft.Loads and loads of appreciation to my mother and to my sweet little family in Delft: Wikke Novalia, Ravina Rukmina Binol, David Ginting and Anthonie Hogendoorn, and all my awesome friends from all over the world who created the most enjoyable moments of my life in the Netherlands. 2 SummarySanitation, as described by the World Health Organization (WHO), refers to the provisions of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.On the outset of the 21 st century, inaccessibility of 40% of the world's inhabitants to sanitation facilities sounds like an international shock. This literally means that 2.6 billion people in the world still rely on a bucket, a bush or a backstreet for excretion.As an inheritance of the colonial period, for years emphasis was made on copying the western sanitary achievements by trying to provide sewerage coverage in developing countries. It was revealed later that the required investments in conventional sewerage systems exceed the allocated financial resources in many of the low-income countries and these sanitation options are not likely to reach the huge poor populations in those regions.Facing the failure of conventional solutions in many cases, alternative solutions (e.g. small-scale systems) were proposed for developing countries, but did not remain protected from criticisms either.Among all available sanitation options, decision makers and planners in developing regions of low-income countries have to encounter the dilemma of which path to choose. Low-income countries, due to their vast socio-economic inhomogeneity, are more complex target locations for selection of appropriate sanitation options. The dynamic situation in these regions with the rapidly growing populations (especially in the urban settings) and the changing socio-economic structures make decision-making a more fragile process. Technically, all options that are required to deal with the global sanitation crisis seem to have been developed already. However, the challenge remains in selection and implementation of the appropriate technologies in a way that the desirable outcomes would be resulted. Some decision-making support tools have been developed so far to address this problem by assisting the decision makers in their challenging task; an attempt that may be described as: The low-sighted leading the clueless, with a map that keeps changing.In the existing sanitation decision-making support ...

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Section: Accessibility Of Reuse Centresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of a Probabilistic Evaluation Framework For Decimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accessibility Of Reuse Centresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantification Of Reuse Centres Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Introduction To the Global Sanitation Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

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