Assessing stigma in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of scales used with children and adolescents

Gavan, Luana; Hartog, Kim; Holland, War Child; Koppenol-Gonzalez, Gabriela V.; Gronholm, Petra C.; Feddes, Allard R.; Kohrt, Brandon A.; Jordans, Mark J. D.; Peters, Ruth H.M.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115121

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Participants who were minors and those who did not respond correctly to the evaluation instruments were excluded. A priori, a statistical power calculator for the structural equation model was used to calculate the minimum sample size required (n = 207) in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), with the use of observed (12) and latent (4) variables in the model, a minimum predicted effect size of 0.30, probability level of 0.05 and statistical power of 0.95 according to previous studies of psychometric properties. [34][35][36]…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9] Stigma associated with HIV, therefore, refers to a negative label, attributes, and attitude, which produces prejudice and discrimination toward those who have been infected with HIV. 10,11 Several instruments have been developed to measure this phenomenon; however, one of the most widely used is the HIV Stigma Scale, 6,12 whose original version presents 40 items grouped in 4 dimensions: (1) personal stigma (experiences of rejection or fear of rejection for having HIV), (2) concern about disclosure (controlling who knows their HIV status or fear of disclosure), (3) negative selfimage (guilt or shame toward oneself for having HIV), and (4) concern about the attitude of others about HIV (concern or fear that others will discriminate against them or that they may lose opportunities because they have HIV). 13 On the other hand, although the HIV Stigma Scale has been adapted and translated into different languages such as Spanish, 14 Portuguese, 15,16 Swedish, 17 Urdu, 18 Xhosa, 19 Tamil, 20 Japanese, 21 or Thai.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 On the other hand, although the HIV Stigma Scale has been adapted and translated into different languages such as Spanish, 14 Portuguese, 15,16 Swedish, 17 Urdu, 18 Xhosa, 19 Tamil, 20 Japanese, 21 or Thai. 22 In a meta-analytical study, it is recognized that this instrument exists in multiple versions that vary in the number of items, including 7,8,10,12,13,13,17,18,21,23,25,32, and 39 items, and its internal structure differs even among models with the same number of items, as between 2 and 5 dimensions and various internal structures have been identified. 6 Regarding the initial version of the instrument, difficulties have been observed in its application due to its large number of items, which can generate fatigue in the participants and difficulties in its use in environments with a large number of patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bifactor SEM and MIRT Structure of a 12-Item Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale in Peruvian Adults

Ramos-Vera,

Basauri-Delgado,

Diaz Peña

et al. 2023

J Prim Care Community Health

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Background: The stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to prejudice and discrimination against people who have been infected by this virus, consequently, it is important to have a validated tool to measure this phenomenon. However, there is only 1 national precedent that has validated the scores of this instrument in its 21-item version. Therefore, this study examined the bifactor structural equation method (SEM) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) structure of a 12-item human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in Peruvian adults. Methods: We evaluated 342 patients (57.6% female and 42.45% male) diagnosed with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) from a hospital located in East Lima, aged 18 to 45 years ( M = 31.4, SD = 9.79). A SEM was used to test 2 measurement models, a 4-factor correlated oblique model and a bifactor model due to high interfactor relationships. Results: Acceptable fit indices were identified for the oblique model (χ2/df = 1.26, SRMR = 0.044, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.028 [0.000-0.047], CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In the same way, similar results were evident for the bifactor model (χ2/df = 1.14, SRMR = 0.039, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.020 [0.000-0.044], CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997), however, in the latter it showed a greater explanation for the unidimensional model ( H = 0.87, PUC = 0.82, LCA = 0.70), which was also evidenced by the bifactor MIRT analysis. Conclusion: It is concluded that the 12-item HIV Stigma Scale meets the psychometric properties of internal structure and unifactorial reliability.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bifactor SEM and MIRT Structure of a 12-Item Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale in Peruvian Adults

Ramos-Vera,

Basauri-Delgado,

Diaz Peña

et al. 2023

J Prim Care Community Health

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Disclosure and Experiences of HIV-Related Stigma among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in South Africa

Nice,

Thurman,

Luckett

et al. 2024

AIDS Behav

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Social networks expand rapidly in adolescence, increasing HIV status disclosure considerations and concerns for young people living with HIV, especially in settings where HIV-related stigma is prevalent. This study examines HIV disclosure and enacted stigma among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in South Africa. This study uses survey data from a sample of 1186 youth living with HIV, aged 14–24, and enrolled in peer support groups led by community-based organizations in KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces, South Africa. Study participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic details, physical health, school attendance, who knew the individual’s HIV status, and experiences of HIV-related mistreatment. Mixed effects logistic regression examined the association between experiences of HIV-related mistreatment and factors that may inadvertently disclose one’s status, such as poor physical health and missed school, and knowledge of an individual’s HIV-positive status by their caregiver, household, friends, educators, and most recent sexual partner. Almost a quarter of the sample reported an experience of HIV-related mistreatment in the past six months. After controlling sociodemographic characteristics, missed school due to illness (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.27–2.43), and knowledge of HIV status by non-family members (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.60-3.00) were significantly associated with HIV-related mistreatment. Findings suggest that experiences of enacted stigma are common among youth and linked to poor physical health and knowledge of HIV status outside the family. Effective community-level stigma reduction interventions are urgently needed. In the meantime, adolescents need individualized disclosure counseling and support managing their physical health to prevent further inadvertent disclosure and discrimination.

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Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI): A Protocol for Scale Development

Bhat,

Sharma,

Sridevi

et al. 2024

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Assessing stigma in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of scales used with children and adolescents

Cited by 6 publications

References 156 publications

Bifactor SEM and MIRT Structure of a 12-Item Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale in Peruvian Adults

Bifactor SEM and MIRT Structure of a 12-Item Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale in Peruvian Adults

Disclosure and Experiences of HIV-Related Stigma among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in South Africa

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI): A Protocol for Scale Development

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