Assessing the Adsorption of Bipyridinium Herbicides on Model Soil Granular Media

Abstract

In this research work, the adsorption of two bipyridinium herbicides (i. e., Diquat and Paraquat) on natural soil and on model soil surfaces has been studied at different water chemistries commonly found in the environment (e.g., pH, supporting electrolyte, and presence of humic or fulvic acids). The experimental work was carried out in the laboratory, using experimental batches of clean quartz sand, silanized quartz sand and sandy soil as a model of agricultural topsoil where herbicides are commonly used and can be adsorbed. The concentrations reached at the equilibrium were analyzed by UV-Visible Spectroscopy for the supernatant fraction of the samples. The concentrations were fitted using adsorption isotherms to determine the adsorption mechanisms (i.e., chemisorption or physisorption) at the interface. In general terms, we have encountered that the nature of the soil matrix plays an important role on the study of pollutant adsorption. In experiments carried out on silica sand, the most abundant component of the natural soil matrix, no significant sorption was observed (<1.5 mg/g) for any of the herbicides. Yet, in experiments carried out on the presence of clay and natural organic matter (i.e., fulvic and humic acids), the adsorption of both herbicides is much higher, likely due to the chemical structure of the molecules that might facilitate the complexation with both herbicides. This investigation improves our understanding of the role that soil granular components play on the absorption of two commonly used herbicides and adequately predict their fate in natural aquatic environments.

Production, Mechanisms, and Performance of Controlled-Release Fertilizers Encapsulated with Biodegradable-Based Coatings

“…Fertilizers are an essential nutrient source for plants and crops, and their use is expected to increase to fulfill the growth in food demand in the following decades. − However, as reported with other agrochemicals, the extensive use of fertilizers is associated with a variety of environmental issues. , These occur both at the point of use (e.g., eutrophication and release of nitrous oxides), as well as during their production (e.g., energy demand). , As a result, sustainable agricultural practices are required to maintain, or even improve, soil fertility and minimize other environmental impacts. , …”

“…Unfortunately, the extensive use of chemical fertilizers as reported with other agrochemicals is associated with environmental issues, and more sustainable agricultural practices are required to maintain and improve soil fertility. , The main macronutrients contained in chemical fertilizer formulations (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium) are supplied to the natural soil as salts, and root crops actively absorb these minerals as assimilable ions (e.g., NO 3 – , NH 4 + , H 2 PO 4 – , HPO 4 2– , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and SO 4 2– ). ,, Yet, large quantities of these agrochemicals might remain in the soil matrix, which in addition to poor nutrient use efficiency (NUE) will lead to groundwater and surface water pollution by runoff or leaching. − …”