Assessing the Army's Assignment Policy for Women

Harrell, Margaret C.; Werber, Laura; Schirmer, Peter; Hallmark, Bryan W.; Kavanagh, Jennifer; Gershwin, Daniel; Steinberg, Paul S.

doi:10.7249/rb9252

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Today, they constitute 15 percent (Segal and Segal 2004). In 1994, the Department of Defense opened some previously closed military occupations and units to women, while still technically excluding women from combat positions and from combat units (Harrell et al 2007). As a consequence, service-women appear to face more of the dangers of war today than they have in the past (Alvarez 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In filling these positions, they consider the types of jobs that the recruits say they want to perform in the short and long-term. They exclude women from positions that involve combat or that are in units that primarily engage in combat (Harrell, Castaneda, Schirmer, Hallmark, Kavanagh, Gershwin, and Steinberg 2007). New service-members are excluded from jobs that are only available to those with military experience (U.S. Army 2009).…”

Section: Occupational Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unequal Risk: Combat Occupations in the Volunteer Military

MacLean

Parsons

2010

Sociological Perspectives

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This study evaluates the characteristics of the men who served in the volunteer military in combat occupations. It examines whether these characteristics stem from supply-side or demand-side decisions, or reflect class bias. The findings suggest that, on the supply side, men who had greater academic abilities were more likely to go to college, thereby avoiding military service and the possibility of serving in a combat occupation. On the demand side, the armed forces were more likely to exclude men with lower academic abilities but were more likely to assign such men in the military to combat occupations. Net of the impacts of these supply-side and demand-side decisions, men who served in combat occupations still differed from those who did not in terms of their family background. The impact of family background was stronger on entering the military than on being assigned to combat occupations once in the military. Keywords military; inequality; occupationsMuch research has examined how the people who served in the U.S. military differed from those who did not (e.g., Bachman, Segal, Freedman-Doan, and O'Malley 2000) and how the men who fought and died in U.S. wars differed from those who did not (e.g., Allen, Herrmann, and Giles 1994;Wilson 1995). However, little is known about the process by which people come to be at the greatest risk of fighting and dying, the process by which they come to serve in combat occupations. Only one previous article has examined this process. It focused on the Vietnam war era and showed that servicemen with low entry test scores were more likely to serve in combat occupations than those with high test scores (Gimbel and Booth 1996). This article evaluates the characteristics of the men who were assigned to combat occupations in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the early years of the All-Volunteer Force (AVF). Even during peacetime, service-members who perform combat occupations suffer the greatest risks relative to other service-members and receive the fewest rewards. If a war occurs, they are the ones most likely to see combat (Gimbel and Booth 1996). In addition, previous research suggests that they learn skills that are less transferable than those learned by service-members in non-combat occupations and have lower earnings in the civilian labor market (Mangum and Ball 1987 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThis article contributes to research regarding the broader subject of social stratification in two areas. Scholars in the first area have explored educational transitions. They have theoretically and methodologically distinguished equality of opportunity from equality of result within the educational system (Buis 2008; Mare 1981). The article applies this distinction to the study of the military. It extends the model of nested transitions that has been developed to study educational outcomes to the study of the nested transitions that lead people to experience different military outcomes. Scholars in the second area have exam...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occupational Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Risk: Combat Occupations in the Volunteer Military

MacLean

Parsons

2010

Sociological Perspectives

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“…Furthermore, medical aid may potentially be applied within the convoy vehicles themselves, depending on the extent of the need ( Headquarters United States Army Reserve Command, 1997 ). Given the warfare scenarios and battlefields in which current military operations take place, the danger to the Warfighter and need for medical aid in convoys continue to grow ( Harrell et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advancement in linear warfare means that forces at the front advance forward to clear and secure land. As the front moves forward, the noncombat assets in the rear progress as well, pushing forward and extending the secure rear ( Harrell et al, 2007 ). Because of the aforementioned geometry, convoy operations are viewed as low risk in linear battlefields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, many modern conflicts are against combatants that are using asymmetrical tactics. Asymmetrical tactics are strategies designed to harm a military’s assets without going up against the primary defenses and forces ( Harrell et al, 2007 ). Prime examples of this are the targeting of unarmored convoys during supply operations with improvised explosive devices (IED), snipers, and sudden ambushes on stopped vehicles ( Killblane, 2005 ; Layer, 1993 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delivery of Healthcare Resources Using Autonomous Ground Vehicle Convoy Systems: An Overview

et al. 2021

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Utilizing military convoys in humanitarian missions allows for increased overall performance of healthcare logistical operations. To properly gauge performance of autonomous ground convoy systems in military humanitarian operations, a proper framework for comparative performance metrics needs to be established. Past efforts in this domain have had heavy focus on narrow and specialized areas of convoy performance such as human factors, trust metrics, or string stability analysis. This article reviews available Army doctrine for manned convoy requirements toward healthcare missions and establishes a framework to compare performance of autonomous convoys, using metrics such as spacing error, separation distance, and string stability. After developing a framework of comparison for the convoy systems, this article compares the performance of two autonomous convoys with unique convoy control strategies to demonstrate the application and utility of the framework.

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