Assessing the cellular and humoral immune response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum (Nicolle, 1908)

Feitosa, Ana Paula Sampaio; CHAVES, MIDIÃ MARCELINA PEREIRA; Veras, Dyana Leal; Deus, Dayse Maria Vasconcelos de; Portela, Nairomberg Cavalcanti; Araújo, Alberon Ribeiro de; Alves, Luíz Carlos; Brayner, Fábio André

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.007

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Studies reported that circulating hemocytes of adult mosquitoes infected with pathogens may decrease (Hillyer et al, 2005; Castillo et al, 2006, 2011; Brayner et al, 2007; Bryant and Michael, 2014) and have their morphology altered (Au et al, 2003; Kwon et al, 2014). It is known that the number of circulating hemocytes of R. microplus ticks infected with entomopathogenic fungi dropped off in comparison to uninfected females (De Paulo et al, 2018), despite this, to the present date, alterations in the morphology of hemocytes from R. microplus ticks infected with pathogens have not been reported yet, as studies were conducted mainly with R. sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Eggenberger et al, 1990; Ceraul et al, 2002; Feitosa et al, 2015, 2018). Undoubtedly, further approaches to understand the immune system of ticks have to overcome the discussion of hemocyte types, especially when its identification is based just on morphological analyzes, while histochemical differentiation and functional aspects are largely neglected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Studies about R. microplus cellular morphology and ultrastructure are scarce; for this reason, hemocytes identification through light and transmission microscopy was based on other tick species and other arthropods (Carneiro and Daemon, 1997; Borovicková and Hypsa, 2005; Habeeb and El-Hag, 2008; Feitosa et al, 2015, 2018). Silva et al (2006) studies with light microscopy reported six hemocytes types in R. microplus hemolymph described as prohemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, spherulocytes, adipohemocytes, and oenocytoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this, until the present date, the ultrastructural description of R. microplus hemocytes was not available in the literature. Accordingly, the morphological descriptions in the present study were compared with other tick species (Borovicková and Hypsa, 2005; Habeeb and El-Hag, 2008; Feitosa et al, 2015, 2018). Here, prohemocytes had similar morphology to those described by Habeeb and El-Hag (2008) and Feitosa et al (2015) for other tick species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemocytes are circulating cells present in the hemolymph that also be found connected to the fatty body, nephrocytes, and salivary glands (Sterba et al, 2011). Innate immune mechanisms have already been reported for several invertebrates (Brayner et al, 2007; Nation, 2016; Iacovone et al, 2018), including ticks (Gillespie et al, 1997; Johns et al, 2001; Feitosa et al, 2015), considering phagocytosis as the most important innate response (Bayne, 1990; Ehlers et al, 1992), that in ticks is mediated mainly by granulocytes and plasmatocytes (Dolp, 1970; Fujisaki et al, 1975; Kuhn and Haug, 1995; Zhioua et al, 1996; Inoue et al, 2001; Borovicková and Hypsa, 2005; Feitosa et al, 2018). Despite this, little has been reported about cellular immune response in R. microplus ticks, since most studies are based on the tick humoral responses (Nakajima et al, 2003; Fogaça et al, 2004; Angelo et al, 2014; Chávez et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Ultrastructural and Cytotoxic Effects of Metarhizium robertsii Infection on Rhipicephalus microplus Hemocytes

et al. 2019

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Metarhizium is an entomopathogenic fungus widely employed in the biological control of arthropods. Hemocytes present in the hemolymph of invertebrates are the cells involved in the immune response of arthropods. Despite this, knowledge about Rhipicephalus microplus hemocytes morphological aspects as well as their role in response to the fungal infection is scarce. The present study aimed to analyze the hemocytes of R. microplus females after Metarhizium robertsii infection, using light and electron microscopy approaches associated with the cytotoxicity evaluation. Five types of hemocytes (prohemocytes, spherulocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and oenocytoids) were described in the hemolymph of uninfected ticks, while only prohemocytes, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes were observed in fungus-infected tick females. Twenty-four hours after the fungal infection, only granulocytes and plasmatocytes were detected in the transmission electron microscopy analysis. Hemocytes from fungus-infected tick females showed several cytoplasmic vacuoles with different electron densities, and lipid droplets in close contact to low electron density vacuoles, as well as the formation of autophagosomes and subcellular material in different stages of degradation could also be observed. M. robertsii propagules were more toxic to tick hemocytes in the highest concentration tested (1.0 × 10 8 conidia mL −1 ). Interestingly, the lowest fungus concentration did not affect significantly the cell viability. Microanalysis showed that cells granules from fungus-infected and uninfected ticks had similar composition. This study addressed the first report of fungal cytotoxicity analyzing ultrastructural effects on hemocytes of R. microplus infected with entomopathogenic fungi. These results open new perspectives for the comprehension of ticks physiology and pathology, allowing the identification of new targets for the biological control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Ultrastructural and Cytotoxic Effects of Metarhizium robertsii Infection on Rhipicephalus microplus Hemocytes

et al. 2019

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“…In line with this, no PPO activity has been reported to be present in the hemolymph of the hard ticks Amblyomma americanum, D. variabilis , and I. scapularis ( 133 ). In contrast, two studies reported PPO-like activity using L-DOPA as a substrate in the hard tick R. sanguineus ( 134 ) and in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata ( 135 ). However, the enzymes responsible for such activity have not yet been identified, and enzymatic assays did not employ phenylthiourea as a control.…”

Section: Cell-mediated Immunity In Ticksmentioning

confidence: 93%

Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges

et al. 2021

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Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens; therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus: evaluation and comparison of classical techniques

et al. 2021

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Assessing the cellular and humoral immune response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Leishmania infantum (Nicolle, 1908)

Cited by 12 publications

References 42 publications

Ultrastructural and Cytotoxic Effects of Metarhizium robertsii Infection on Rhipicephalus microplus Hemocytes

Ultrastructural and Cytotoxic Effects of Metarhizium robertsii Infection on Rhipicephalus microplus Hemocytes

Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges

Canine visceral leishmaniasis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus: evaluation and comparison of classical techniques

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