Assessing the Cytotoxicity of Tio2-x Nanoparticles With a Different Ti3+ (Ti2+)/Ti4+ Ratio

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are promising biomedical agents characterized by good biocompatibility. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity of TiO2-x nanoparticles with a different Ti3+(Ti2+)/Ti4+ ratio and analyzed the effeciency of eryptosis indices as a tool in nanotoxicology. Methods. Two types of TiO2-x nanoparticles (5 nm) with various Ti3+ (Ti2+)/ Ti4+ ratios in the crystal lattice were synthesized. 1-TiO2-x nanoparticles contained 54% Ti4+, 38% Ti3+ and 8% Ti2+, while the relative amount of Ti4+ and Ti3+ in the crystal lattice of 2-TiO2-x nanoparticles was 63% and 37%, respectively. Cell viability and cell motility induced by TiO2-x nanoparticles were investigated on primary fibroblast cultures. Eryptosis modulation by the nanoparticles along with cell death mechanisms was studied on rat erythrocytes.Results. We report that both TiO2-x nanoparticles don’t decrease the viability of fibroblasts simultaneously stimulating cell migration. Data from in vitro studies on erythrocytes indicate that TiO2-x nanoparticles trigger eryptosis via ROS- (1-TiO2-x) and Ca2+-mediated mechanisms (both TiO2-x nanoparticles) suggesting that evaluation of eryptosis parameters is a more sensitive nanotoxicological approach for TiO2-x nanoparticles than cultured fibroblast assays.Conclusion. TiO2-x nanoparticles are characterized by low toxicity against fibroblasts, but they induce eryptosis, which is shown to be a promising tool for nanotoxicity screening. The Ti3+ (Ti2+)/ Ti4+ ratio at least partially determines the cytotoxicity mechanisms for TiO2-x nanoparticles.

Nanostructured Zinc Carbonate Hydroxide Microflakes: Assessing the Toxicity Against Erythrocytes and L929 Cells in Vitro

“…In our earlier nanotoxicological study, eryptosis assays were demonstrated to be more sensitive than broblasts-based cytotoxicity assays (Prokopiuk et al 2023). Unexpectedly, in this study, the concentrations of ZnCH micro akes toxic against broblasts were almost an order of magnitude lower compared to the eryptosis-inducing concentrations.…”

Cytotoxicity of Hybrid Noble Metal‐Polymer Composites

“…Eryptosis is a more sensitive tool for assessing the biosafety profile of nanosized materials compared with fibroblast viability assays. Of note, its sensitivity is higher than that of viability assays on cultured fibroblasts not only in case of noble metal-polymer hybrid composites, but for different TiO 2 nanoparticles as well [54].…”