Purpose -Using the case of a cross-cultural setting, the purpose of this paper is to compare perceptions of students towards face-to-face learning and blended learning. A social constructivist perspective is used which implies that cultural data are in fact social constructs made on the basis of the participants' own cultural thought patterns and the concepts and categories to which they are socialised within learning organisations. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach -Perceptual evidence forms the primary qualitative and quantitative data for this study. The paper uses social constructivist approach with empirical data in developing the notion that cross-cultural management is a process whereby people, through social interactions, acquire participative competence for working in cross-cultural settings. Findings -Perceptual data emerging from this study point out that considering the learning objectives of a cross-cultural context are paramount when engaging in cross-cultural management curriculum and teaching design. Such social contexts, while complex and challenging, is often a perfect opportunity where cross-cultural competence can be developed. Originality/value -The value of the study lies in the original insights it offers into student experiences and the challenges to adopt a "one size fits all" strategy in a cross-cultural setting.
254ET 56,4 touted as an alternative to the first mode, is best described by Keegan (1995, p. 7) as distance education and training that results from the teacher and learner being technologically separated, thus freeing the student from the necessity of travelling to "a fixed place, at a fixed time, to meet a fixed person, in order to be trained". This mode, too, has drawn criticism, given its propensity for causing a sense of learner isolation and frustration, anxiety, and confusion (Brown, 1996;Hara and Kling, 2000;Piccoli et al., 2001), and also higher student attrition rates (Laine, 2003;Ryan, 2001). The third, a hybrid which combines elements of the earlier two, and credited with nullifying the lacunae within them, is BL (Meyer, 2007;Rubenstein, 2003;Smart and Cappel, 2006).With innovative technologies finding their way into the field of education and training (Arbaugh, 2008;Williams, 2008;Hwang and Francesco, 2010), many scholars maintain that online learning is a leading growth sector in higher education (Allen and Seaman, 2006;Foster and Carnevale, 2007;Kim and Bonk, 2006). Despite its popularity, the literature on innovative technologies such as BL provides little explanation of its efficacy within cross-cultural management settings. Three major contributions whose approaches to the understanding of cross-cultural management in its international aspects that have been influential in the field include: Adler (1991), Hofstede (1980) and Trompenaars (1993). All three have been pioneering in their own way and have been arguably the principal creative sources on the thinking of many other writers on cross-cultural management issues. To such ...