Assessing the Effects of Acute and Chronic Whole Apple Consumption on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Adults (P21-011-19)

Abstract

Objectives Systemic low-grade inflammation mechanistically links obesity to impairments in the metabolic processes central to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This phenomenon is promoted by digestion of a high-fat meal, whereas whole foods with proposed anti-inflammatory actions, such as apples, may be beneficial. Thus, the current studies aimed to assess the effects of acute and chronic consumption of whole apples on biomarkers of inflammation in overweight and obese adults. Methods Overweight or obese adults in otherwise good health were recruited. With n = 26 (17 female/9 male; mean age 45.5 ± 3.1 y; mean BMI 34.1 ± 0.2 kg/m2), a randomized, crossover trial was conducted to assess the effects of acute (one time) consumption of 3 whole Gala apples (∼200 g) on the 6 h postprandial inflammatory response (e.g., plasma gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines) to an oral fat tolerance test (1 g fat/kg body weight). Fasting and 4 h postprandial peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also isolated from whole blood and stimulated with 10 ng/mL LPS for 24 h to measure secreted cytokines. With n = 46 (32 female/14 male; mean age, 46.2 ± 2.2 y; mean BMI 33.5 ± 0.8 kg/m2), a parallel-arm, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to assess the effects of chronic (6 week) consumption of 3 whole Gala apples per day (∼200 g) on fasting inflammatory markers. Results Acute apple consumption decreased 4 h postprandial unstimulated (IL-1β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, TNF-α) and LPS-stimulated (IL-6, TNF-α) PBMC-secreted inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05, n = 18). Similarly, chronic apple consumption decreased fasting unstimulated (IL-6) and LPS-stimulated (IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α) PBMC-secreted inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05; n = 16–18/group), as well as plasma IL-6 (P < 0.05, n = 22/group). Conclusions Both acute and chronic whole apple consumption may be an effective dietary strategy to mitigate the obesity-associated inflammation that precedes and exacerbates metabolic disease risk. Funding Sources Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs; Ontario Apple Growers.

The effects and associations of whole-apple intake on diverse cardiovascular risk factors. A narrative review

“…resolved all differences. After the analysis of the titles and abstracts, a total of 16 articles (Arts et al 2001;Mink et al 2007;Hodgson et al 2016;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018;Knekt et al 2002;Chun et al 2008;Chai et al 2012;Hansen et al 2010;Borgi et al 2016;Tenore et al 2017;Vafa et al 2011;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010;Liddle et al 2019) were included according to our search strategy for this narrative review.…”

“…Our screening identified 8 articles that described RTs Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018). Of these, 2 were not controlled trials (Auclair et al 2010;Tenore et al 2017), whereas 6 were RCTs (Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018) according to the information that the authors declared in the content of the article.…”

“…Our screening identified 8 articles that described RTs Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018). Of these, 2 were not controlled trials (Auclair et al 2010;Tenore et al 2017), whereas 6 were RCTs (Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018) according to the information that the authors declared in the content of the article. Moreover, out of the 8 included RTs, 5 articles reported the effects of whole-apple intake on serum or plasma lipid profiles Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010), 4 described the effects of whole-apples on inflammation (Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Auclair et al 2010), and 4 articles assessed the effects of whole-apple intake on, blood pressure and vascular health effects (Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018;Auclair et al 2010;Ravn-Haren et al 2013).…”

“…Of these, 2 were not controlled trials (Auclair et al 2010;Tenore et al 2017), whereas 6 were RCTs (Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018) according to the information that the authors declared in the content of the article. Moreover, out of the 8 included RTs, 5 articles reported the effects of whole-apple intake on serum or plasma lipid profiles Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010), 4 described the effects of whole-apples on inflammation (Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Auclair et al 2010), and 4 articles assessed the effects of whole-apple intake on, blood pressure and vascular health effects (Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018;Auclair et al 2010;Ravn-Haren et al 2013). Additionally, out of the 8 RTs included, 5 involved only a chronic intervention Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010), 1 RT involved only an acute intervention (Bondonno et al 2012); and 2 RTs reported results on both acute and a chronic interventions (Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2018).…”

“…Moreover, out of the 8 included RTs, 5 articles reported the effects of whole-apple intake on serum or plasma lipid profiles Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010), 4 described the effects of whole-apples on inflammation (Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Liddle et al 2019;Auclair et al 2010), and 4 articles assessed the effects of whole-apple intake on, blood pressure and vascular health effects (Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018;Auclair et al 2010;Ravn-Haren et al 2013). Additionally, out of the 8 RTs included, 5 involved only a chronic intervention Vafa et al 2011;Chai et al 2012;Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010), 1 RT involved only an acute intervention (Bondonno et al 2012); and 2 RTs reported results on both acute and a chronic interventions (Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2018). Additionally, out of these 8 studies, 5 RTs used a crossover design intervention (Ravn-Haren et al 2013;Auclair et al 2010;Liddle et al 2019;Bondonno et al 2012;Bondonno et al 2018).…”