Assessing the Food Quality Using Carbon Nanomaterial Based Electrodes by Voltammetric Techniques

Abstract

The world is facing a global financial loss and health effects due to food quality adulteration and contamination, which are seriously affecting human health. Synthetic colors, flavors, and preservatives are added to make food more attractive to consumers. Therefore, food safety has become one of the fundamental needs of mankind. Due to the importance of food safety, the world is in great need of developing desirable and accurate methods for determining the quality of food. In recent years, the electrochemical methods have become more popular, due to their simplicity, ease in handling, economics, and specificity in determining food safety. Common food contaminants, such as pesticides, additives, and animal drug residues, cause foods that are most vulnerable to contamination to undergo evaluation frequently. The present review article discusses the electrochemical detection of the above food contaminants using different carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC), carbon dots, boron doped diamond (BDD), and fullerenes. The voltammetric methods, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), have been proven to be potential methods for determining food contaminants. The use of carbon-based electrodes has the added advantage of electrochemically sensing the food contaminants due to their excellent sensitivity, specificity, large surface area, high porosity, antifouling, and biocompatibility.

Detection of Allura Red in Food Samples Using Carbon Paste Modified with Lanthanum and Titanium Oxides

“…[18,21,17] These reports are clear evidence of the utility of carbon electrodes as an essential raw material in the development of electrochemical sensors. [44][45][46][47] In these reports, the authors highlight the increased activity of the electrode modified with lanthanum oxide, which allows the development of more sensitive, stable, and selective methodologies. This evidence demonstrates the interest in the development of new electroanalytical methodologies that take advantage of the properties of lanthanum oxide.…”

“…Cyclic voltammetry is a very versatile tool to study and characterize the properties of an electrode such as mass transport and active area [18,21,17] . These reports are clear evidence of the utility of carbon electrodes as an essential raw material in the development of electrochemical sensors [44–47] …”

Modified Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Selected Food Azo Dyes: A Review

“…They exhibit different types of morphologies, such as rods, [26] tubes, fibers, [27,28] porous, [29] sheets and spheres of different sizes. [30] The distinguishing characteristics of carbonaceous materials are their homocyclic and heterocyclic CÀ C bond structures, [31] lead to excellent chemical properties, including large surface area, [32] order structure, [33] conductivity, [34] etc. The carbon materials used for detection are carbon nanotubes, [35] reduced graphene oxide, [36] porous carbon, [37] glassy carbon, [38] etc.…”

“…Carbon materials (CMs) are widely used due to their ability to enhance the efficiency of electrochemical sensors in the detection of ultra‐sensitive traces of food colorings. They exhibit different types of morphologies, such as rods, [26] tubes, fibers, [27,28] porous, [29] sheets and spheres of different sizes [30] . The distinguishing characteristics of carbonaceous materials are their homocyclic and heterocyclic C−C bond structures, [31] lead to excellent chemical properties, including large surface area, [32] order structure, [33] conductivity, [34] etc.…”

Pencil and Gold Electrode Materials for the Electrochemical Study and Analysis of Dinitrotoluene

“…It mainly operates by stepping up the working potential in one direction linearly versus time, and after a set potential has reached, the potential is reversed to the initial potential, providing information on electrochemical oxidation and reduction . Further basics of cyclic voltammetry can be read at refs − . The work seeks comparable analytical limits of detection (LODs) to the literature, while looking into the electrochemical reduction mechanism of DNT, all contributing to analytical method optimization.…”