“…CA models can describe the complexity of real world spatially extended systems by way of local transition rules that may be expressed as algorithms and then easily implemented as computer programs. They are a powerful tool for modeling biological systems in general, and spatial epidemiology in particular ( B. Cissé et al., 2016a , 2016b ; Mikler et al., 2005 ; Ruhomally et al., 2022 ; Sirakoulis et al., 2000 ). CA models have been successfully used to study several VBDs ( B. Cissé et al., 2016a , 2016b ; Baki Cissé et al., 2016a , 2016b ; Cissé, El Yacoubi, & Tridane, 2013 ; Cissé et al., 2014 ; Doran & Laffan, 2005 ; White et al., 2007 ) around the world, and the approach is an interesting opportunity for modeling WNV transmission.…”