Assessing the Impact of Direct Evaporative Control Algorithms in Mixed-mode Building

Angelopoulos, Charalampos; Cook, Malcolm; Shukla, Yash; Spentzou, Efrossini; Rawal, Rajan; Caruggi-De-Fari, Luciano; Loveday, Dennis L.; Manu, Sanyogita; Mishra, Deepta; Patel, Jayamin

doi:10.26868/25222708.2019.211059

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Changing the setpoint methodology from static to adaptive (AC) resulted in a reduction in CSEC by 4% to 23%; similarly, changing the methodology from static to adaptive (MM) resulted in a reduction by 12% to 50%. This reduction compares well with the findings of another study focusing on the cities of Mumbai and Bengaluru (Angelopoulos et al 2018). They established that the adaptive setpoint methodology can reduce the cooling energy consumption by 7% to 35% compared with the static setpoint methodology.…”

Section: Localised Rac Metrics For Static Setpointssupporting

confidence: 82%

Performance metrics for room air-conditioners: energy, comfort and environmental impacts

Jain

Rawal

Vardhan

et al. 2021

Buildings and Cities

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India's current standards and labels for room air-conditioners (RACs) account for energy efficiency, but omit other important criteria that could influence product development and consumer choice: thermal comfort and environmental impact. This study proposes comprehensive RAC evaluation criteria by accounting for the operational energy, thermal comfort and environmental impact through the metrics of the Indian seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ISEER), cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC) and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), respectively. It uses five RAC product cases based on the Indian RAC market to demonstrate the enhanced evaluation criteria across the climatic conditions of 55 Indian cities subject to static and adaptive (air-conditioned, AC; and mixed-mode, MM) thermal setpoints. The analysis yields a significant difference in the number of RAC operational hours between the static and adaptive (AC and MM) methods, resulting in a difference in the overall performance of RACs across varied climatic contexts. PRACTICE RELEVANCERACs are increasingly being adopted as a standard method of active cooling with the modernisation of small and medium-sized commercial and residential spaces in India. However, current standards and labels only provide a partial evaluation of RAC performance. This study targets three aspects of RAC performance in energy, comfort and environmental impacts. It demonstrates that existing RAC performance standards in India can be improved to account for climatic variability and environmental impact in addition to the existing understanding of energy efficiency. The outcomes of this study can serve as inputs to standards and labelling programmes by improving the componentlevel energy efficiency of RACs, educating the end-users on optimising their thermal setpoints for improved performance, and supporting the development of RACs with low/zero global warming potential refrigerants.

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Section: Localised Rac Metrics For Static Setpointssupporting

confidence: 82%

Performance metrics for room air-conditioners: energy, comfort and environmental impacts

Jain

Rawal

Vardhan

et al. 2021

Buildings and Cities

Self Cite

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“…(2) Design flexibility: The strategies' design should permit operations according to the changing occupants' needs (e.g. Angelopoulos et al, 2018). Most of the proposed strategies allow for this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strategies with increased complexity require automated control for optimum performance, with the option for occupant control when required. However, even for conventional systems deemed to offer ease of use, they perform better during automated control rather than manual control by occupants (Spentzou, 2015), by taking into consideration indoor /outdoor conditions and occupancy and for specific control setpoints (Angelopoulos et al, 2018). Openings control for night-time ventilation has significant cooling benefits and can ensure optimal opening state when occupants are asleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Operation of building openings in response to occupants' needs, indoor/outdoor air properties and time of day can provide natural ventilation, passive cooling and have considerable effect on cooling/heating loads (Angelopoulos, Cook, Spentzou, & Shukla, 2018;Curado, Freitas, & Ramos, 2015). Night ventilative cooling is suitable in regions with lower night temperatures (i.e.…”

Section: Ventilation and Opening Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-energy cooling and ventilation refurbishments for buildings in a Mediterranean climate

Spentzou

Cook

Emmitt³

2021

Architectural Engineering and Design Management

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In view of the ageing domestic building stock and increasing reliance on fossil fuels for cooling and ventilation of buildings, there is an urgent need for improved design knowledge and sustainable measures such as natural ventilation and passive cooling to mitigate climate change and future proof the built environment. This paper forms an appraisal of a range of low-energy refurbishment measures, i.e. building design alterations and passive systems, which were employed and evaluated in an apartment building in Greece. The applicability of these in domestic buildings in hot climates is assessed and their design implications evaluated. Implementation of wind-catchers, dynamic façades, and evaporative cooling had the highest ventilation and cooling potential, while improvements of the interior layout to allow for new airflow paths could provide further cooling to spaces and solutions to safety.

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“…Window control was performed in accordance with the required airflow rate for delivering cooling in response to internal heat gains rather than in response to the internal/external temperature difference, which is the common approach for window operation in EnergyPlus (Angelopoulos et al 2018). Modulation of the windows was implemented to match the calculated required effective area for the given conditions.…”

Section: Mixed-mode Control Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating low energy cooling and ventilation strategies in Indian residences

Cook

Shukla

Rawal

et al. 2022

Buildings and Cities

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Rapidly developing economies of countries in hot climates face the risk of a significant increase in CO 2 emissions. This study developed strategies for low energy cooling and ventilation for Indian residences (LECaVIR). Ventilation and cooling techniques were developed and tested for India's four climatic zones. The analysis shows that natural ventilation is possible in typical residential buildings for about 20-40% of the year. Using an enhanced natural ventilation mode with appropriately sized openable windows and controls, the total number of hours for which natural ventilation is able to offer satisfactory conditions for occupants can be extended by a further 13 percentage points, leading to a potential reduction of 46% in the mechanical cooling hours for residences. Dynamic thermal simulation models, coupled with control software, were used to test the most promising natural ventilation strategies as part of a mixed-mode approach to ensure year-round comfort at minimal energy cost. The simulation shows that energy savings of up to 55% are possible. PRACTICE RELEVANCEThis paper demonstrates that it is possible to design and control cooling and ventilation strategies that make significant use of natural ventilation, despite hot climates. The paper contains details of innovative control algorithms that were tested using real designs for Indian residences where poor ventilation and overheating are common problems, often leading to the excessive use of inefficient, portable air-conditioning systems. Practitioners will also benefit from guidance on how to use dynamic thermal simulation coupled with control software to quantify the energy and thermal comfort performance of mixedmode ventilation and cooling strategies.

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Assessing the Impact of Direct Evaporative Control Algorithms in Mixed-mode Building

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Performance metrics for room air-conditioners: energy, comfort and environmental impacts

Performance metrics for room air-conditioners: energy, comfort and environmental impacts

Low-energy cooling and ventilation refurbishments for buildings in a Mediterranean climate

Integrating low energy cooling and ventilation strategies in Indian residences

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