Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of fecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: A systematic review

Abstract

Overall, the studies found little to no effect from sanitation interventions on these transmission pathways. There was no evidence of effects on water quality (source or household), hand or sentinel toy contamination, food contamination, or contamination of surfaces or soil. There is some evidence that sanitation was associated with reductions in flies and a small effect on observations of feces (Risk Difference -0.03, 95%CI -0.06 to 0.01). Studies show an inverse relationship between the distance of a water supply from a latrine and level of fecal contamination of such water supply. Future evaluations of sanitation interventions should include assessments of effects along transmission pathways in order to better understand the circumstances under which interventions may be effective at preventing disease.

Effect of an integrated intervention package of preventive chemotherapy, community-led total sanitation and health education on the prevalence of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections in Côte d’Ivoire

“…It is important to note that measurability of protective effects from sanitation interventions depends on social-ecological contexts (e.g. resource-scarce environment vs area with improved facilities at baseline [14], rural vs urban [15]), latrine coverage [16] and how rigorously interventions were implemented (such as elimination of open defecation vs increase of latrine ownership) [17]. Prior research underscores the importance of integrated approaches for effective control of helminthiases and diarrhoeal diseases [18][19][20].…”

Sanitation approach toward resource recovery in rural and semi‐urban centers: Insight from South South Nigeria

“…Exhibit shows the various sanitation systems used in semi‐urban centers. The proximity of septic tanks to borehole wells leads to the high content of pathogens, such as fecal coliform, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli , and other harmful bacteria in the wells (Akinyemi, Fagbamigbe, Omoluabi, Agunbiade, & Adebayo, ; Sclar et al., ; Ugbomoiko, Dalumo, Ofoezie, & Obiezue, ). The sanitation conditions discussed above present the major reason for the governments (both local and federal) to support the provision of adequate toilet systems that will also contribute to the use of FS to produce biogas and for soil amendment, both of which will be of economic advantage for the communities (Simha, Mathew, Jain, & Ganesapillai, ).…”

Social vulnerability and its possible relation to the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the Mexican state of Oaxaca

“…Once the water has been collected, it must be stored, which increases the possibility of disease-bearing vectors, such as malaria, Zika virus and Chinkungunya, transmitted by Aedes aegypti [15–18] Villagers have a long walk to get clean water, and as a result, the same sanitary issues that concerned people in the early nineteenth century are still current in Oaxaca.…”