Assessing the impacts of human disturbance on ecosystem services under multiple scenarios in karst areas of China: Insight from ecological conservation red lines effectiveness

Spatial pattern evolution and prediction scenario of habitat quality in typical fragile ecological region, China: A case study of the Yellow River floodplain area

“…The results of the study provide a basis for regional ecological planning, but the factors that influence changes in habitat quality are diverse and the mechanisms by which these factors influence changes in habitat quality need to be elucidated.①; From 2000 to 2020, with the socio-economic development and the expansion of build-up land in the Yellow River beach area, the change of this land use type far exceeds that of the other six land use types, resulting in a decreasing trend of habitat quality which is consistent with the existing studies in the Yellow River basin [ 31 , 51 , 52 ].②This study found that topographic relief (TR), land use intensity (LUI), NDVI, temperature, precipitation, SHDI and other indicators have an important impact on habitat quality. Among them, the topography and land use intensity have a greater impact on habitat quality, which is consistent with other literatures [ [53] , [57] ]. Mainly due to the fact that the Yellow River beach area is not only a gathering area for human activities, but also the difference in dem of the beach area is 1617 m, the high value of habitat quality is mainly distributed in the area where the forest land is located at higher elevation, and the low value is mainly distributed in the area where the build-up land is located at lower elevation, and this distribution pattern is more consistent with the topographic characteristics of the Yellow River beach area.…”

Developing a composite index for urban ecosystem services (Hyrcanian forests—Gorgan)

“…First, each of the six ESs was modeled independently to calculate the TES. Based on the relative ES equation (Equations 1 and 2), the results of each service were standardized in the range (0-1) as follows (Gu et al, 2022;Pan et al, 2013). For all standardized values of the six ESs, 1 refers to the best performance, and 0 refers to the worst performance.…”

“…The TES ranging from 0 to 1 means that the higher the TES, the higher the level of ES and its diversity in the hexagonal unit. The TES index was calculated using the following equation (Gu et al, 2022;Laterra et al, 2012;Pan et al, 2013):…”

“…In addition, these factors greatly affect erosion processes, increase surface runoff, and change biodiversity and air quality in most cases (Oñate‐Valdivieso & Sendra, 2010). Land use change caused by human disturbances is the most direct signal through which the effect of human activities on ecosystems can be detected and displayed (Gu et al, 2022). As a result, forecasting the effects of LUC on ESs is a fundamental need in land management, requiring the spatial modeling of ESs.…”

The study of species and phylogenetic diversity on karst forest along Lijiang River

“…As the most important ecosystem on Earth, all forests type on earth should be given proper and due protections (Alroy 2017; Luby et al 2022), whether they're tropical rainforests, broadleaf forests, coniferous forests or bush forests, even man-made shelterbelts and timber forests. However, forests in karst areas of southwest China are at risk of being destroyed due to the rapidly economic development and lack of simultaneous awareness of biodiversity conservation (Gu et al 2022; ). The special eco-geographical environment of karst area makes the vegetation in this area different from other regions, and the karst geology makes this area prone to geological disasters of landslides, which will damage the vegetation growth in this area to a certain extent.…”