Assessing the infection risk of enteropathogens from consumption of raw vegetables washed with contaminated water in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Shrestha, Shankar Prasad; Haramoto, Eiji; Shindo, Junko

doi:10.1111/jam.13573

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…were detected at the highest concentration in the river water sample, which is widely used for several purposes, such as irrigation and washing vegetables prior to sale in the Kathmandu Valley. Activities that use polluted river water may pose diarrheal risks from waterborne pathogens, such as enteropathogenic E. coli , Giardia , and Cryptosporidium , via the consumption of raw contaminated vegetables ( 42 ). Waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis have also been linked to the contamination of Arcobacter spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Kathmandu Valley, 34% of individuals use alternative water sources, such as ground, jar, tanker, rain, spring, stone spout, and river water as domestic supplies ( 41 ). Various microbiological studies on water samples have been conducted ( 17 , 20 , 21 , 26 , 29 , 35 , 38 , 42 , 45 ), resulting in the detection of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses in ground, surface, irrigation, and even jar water (which is perceived as potable). In our previous study conducted in the Kathmandu Valley, a next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis demonstrated that Acinetobacter , Arcobacter , and Clostridium were highly abundant in ground and river water samples, and that Arcobacter was the second most dominant pathogenic bacterium and present in all 16 samples tested, with a maximum abundance ratio of 17.43% ( 17 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and its Application to Environmental Water Samples

et al. 2018

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Arcobacter spp. are emerging pathogens associated with gastroenteritis in humans. The objective of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and broadly reactive quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Arcobacter spp. and to apply the developed assay to different water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Fifteen samples to be analyzed by next-generation sequencing were collected from 13 shallow dug wells, a deep tube well, and a river in the Kathmandu Valley in August 2015. Among the 86 potential pathogenic bacterial genera identified, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Arcobacter were detected with relatively high abundance in 15, 14, 12, and 8 samples, respectively. A primer pair was designed with maximal nucleotide homologies among Arcobacter spp. by comparing the sequences of 16S rRNA genes. These primers were highly specific to most of the known species of Arcobacter and quantified between 1.0×101 and 6.4×106 copies reaction−1 and sometimes detected as few as 3 copies reaction−1. The qPCR assay was used to quantify Arcobacter spp. in bacterial DNA in not only the above 15 water samples, but also in 33 other samples collected from 15 shallow dug wells, 6 shallow tube wells, 5 stone spouts, 4 deep tube wells, and 3 springs. Thirteen (27%) out of 48 samples tested were positive for Arcobacter spp., with concentrations of 5.3–9.1 log copies 100 mL−1. This qPCR assay represents a powerful new tool to assess the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental water samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and its Application to Environmental Water Samples

et al. 2018

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“…The high contamination rates recorded in the open-market samples indicate poor hygiene in these locations, which is suitable for the propagation and transmission of the parasites [72]. High risk of diarrhea among raw vegetable consumers in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, mostly due to the use of river water by farmers for washing vegetables, suggests a need to avoid the use of river water for washing vegetables [73]. There are also many reports that highlight the contamination of surface water with parasitic infective stages in Brazil [74], Iran [75], Poland [76] and Spain [77].…”

Section: Risk Factors Involved In the Contamination Of Vegetables Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

Wang

Karim

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some foodborne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.

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“…Industrial pollution load, poor sewage and wastewater treatment facilities, inadequate water pollution control laws, and rapid urbanization have all contributed to the increased degradation of the river water environment in developing countries [1,2]. The Bagmati River, which flows from the northern boundary southwards across the urban areas of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, is suffering from chemical, biological, and solid waste pollution [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Arcobacter and Other Pathogenic Bacteria in River Water in Nepal

Shrestha

Tandukar

Bhandari

et al. 2019

Water

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This study aims to determine the diversity of pathogenic bacteria in the Bagmati River, Nepal, during a one-year period. A total of 18 river water samples were collected from three sites (n = 6 per site) along the river. Bacterial DNA, which were extracted from the water samples, were analyzed for bacterial 16S rRNA genes by next-generation sequencing for 13 of 18 samples, and by quantitative PCR targeting Arcobacter for all 18 samples. The 16S rRNA sequencing identified an average of 97,412 ± 35,909 sequences/sample, which were then categorized into 28 phyla, 61 classes, and 709 bacterial genera. Eighteen (16%) genera of 111 potential pathogenic bacteria were detected with abundance ratios of >1%; Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, and Prevotella were the dominant genera. The Arcobacter abundance ratios were 28.6% (n = 1), 31.3 ± 15.8% (n = 6), and 31.8 ± 17.2% (n = 6) at the upstream, midstream, and downstream sites, respectively. Arcobacter was detected in 14 (78%) of 18 samples tested, with concentrations ranging from 6.7 to 10.7 log10 copies/100 mL, based on quantitative PCR. Our results demonstrate the poor bacterial quality of the Bagmati River water, suggesting a need for implementing more measures to reduce fecal contamination in the river water.

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Assessing the infection risk of enteropathogens from consumption of raw vegetables washed with contaminated water in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Abstract: It is needed to protect vegetable washing water sources and establish advanced water treatment methods to achieve the required level of public health risk.

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and its Application to Environmental Water Samples

Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for <i>Arcobacter</i> spp. and its Application to Environmental Water Samples

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

Prevalence of Arcobacter and Other Pathogenic Bacteria in River Water in Nepal

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