15The research uses a database of urban noise data collected continually from April 2013 to 16 March 2014 at ten sites in Dublin, Ireland. The first objective of the paper is to investigate if 17 the morning daily noise level peak is related to transport characteristics of households, such 18 as, car ownership levels, the mode by which people travel to work and morning work trip demonstrates that location is the most important variable followed in order by hour of the 26 day, month of the year and weekday, in predicting urban noise levels.
Introduction
30Noise in urban environments can be a major source of concern from health and quality of life found that there is emerging evidence that short-term effects of environmental noise,
35particularly when the exposure is nocturnal, maybe followed by long-term adverse cardio 36 metabolic outcomes. Tobías et al (2015) found that exposure to traffic noise should be 37 considered an important environmental factor having a significant impact on health. Sygna et 38 al (2014) found that road traffic noise may be associated with poorer mental health among 39 subjects with poor sleep.
41Other research focuses on noise measurement and modelling. Mehdi (2011) As identified above, the specific objectives addressed by the paper are summarised as 117 follows:Investigate if the daily peak in morning noise levels is related to characteristics of 119 households in the area, such as, car ownership levels, the mode by which people travel 120 to work and work trip departure time. The analysis is done using data from the 2011
121Irish census and noise measurement data collected over a year from five urban sites. The sites at which the monitors are located are presented in Figure 1 where it can be seen that In Figure 2, the range of noise levels experienced across the sites is expressed in terms of LDAY, The data used for the analysis on household transport characteristics are from the 2011 census 164 the times at which people depart for work in the area.
165
Multinomial Logistic Regression
166To address the second objective of the paper, multinomial logistic regression was used to 167 determine the relative importance of location, month of the year, weekday and hour of the 168 day on noise levels. Noise will vary depending on the level of each of those variables but it 169 can also be influenced by other factors e.g. proximity to a busy transport artery, exposure to Where π= probability that the noise level falls in a particular Leq dBA band
203The independent variables were not chosen, as such, rather they were the only available
Results
210The results section is divided in two parts. The first presents the results of the analysis which section is divided into sub-sections each focusing on one of those variables.
219
Impact of Household Characteristics on Noise Levels
220
Peak Period Noise Levels
221The first issue to be investigated was the cyclical daily profile evident for all sites, an 222 example of which for site 3 is presented in Figure 3. For this stage of ...