Assessing the macroeconomic impact of a healthcare problem: The application of computable general equilibrium analysis to antimicrobial resistance

Social determinants of health: an economic perspective

“…In principle, this approach might be extended to estimate the impact on health and health inequalities, including at least some of the potential feedback effects. For example, a policy that reduces prevalence of a widespread condition with high morbidity may improve labour productivity and supply in other sectors (Smith et al, 2005), including reduced demand and increased labour supply in the health-care sector (Van Zon and Muysken, 2005).…”

H1N1 influenza and the Australian macroeconomy

“…Both of these effects will affect all parts of the economy to a greater or lesser extent. Further, Lee and McKibbin (2004), and Smith et al (2005) show that the effects on the non-health sectors due to SARS and antimicrobial resistance are larger than the effects on the health sector. Thus, an economy-wide approach is the ideal framework for properly evaluating the economic impacts of public health emergencies such as H1N1 influenza.…”

“…Thus, we take an economy-wide approach to estimating the economic impacts of an H1N1 pandemic. Beutels et al (2008), Lee and McKibbin (2004), and Smith et al (2005) argue convincingly that economic analysis of public health emergencies of international concern (e.g., H1N1 influenza and SARS) should not take a partial equilibrium approach by focussing on only the health sector (or parts of the health sector) and forgone incomes resulting from disease-related morbidity and mortality, while ignoring effects in other parts of the economy (e.g., Sander et al 2009). Illness and death due to public health emergencies raises perceptions of risk and leads to risk-modifying behaviour in an effort to reduce the risk of contracting illness, e.g., prophylactic absenteeism from work and public gatherings.…”

Effects of Selection Pressure and Genetic Association on the Relationship between Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence in Escherichia coli

“…In the United States, more than 2 million people per year acquire bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics, resulting in at least 23,000 deaths and expenditures of 20 to 35 billion dollars annually (2). Elsewhere, losses to the gross domestic product (GDP) from antibiotic resistance are estimated to be 0.4% to 1.6% (3). Antibiotic resistance can occur in any bacteria but is of direct concern among pathogens, because of the resulting increased duration of care, cost of treatment, morbidity, and mortality (4,5).…”