Assessing the presence of marine toxins in bivalve molluscs from southwest India

Abstract

The south west coast of India has been showing a steady increase in shellfish cultivation both for local consumption and fishery export, over recent years. Perna viridis and Crassostrea madrasensis are two species of bivalve molluscs which grow in some selected regions of southern Karnataka, close to the city of Mangalore. In the early 1980s, shellfish consumers in the region were affected by intoxication from Paralytic Shellfish Poison present in local bivalves (clams and oysters) resulting in hospitalisation of many, including one fatality. Since then, there have been no further reports of serious shellfish intoxication and there is little awareness of the risks from natural toxins and no routine monitoring programme in place to protect shellfish consumers. This study presents the findings from the first ever systematic assessment of the presence of marine toxins in mussels and oysters grown in four different shellfish harvesting areas in the region. Shellfish were collected and subjected to analysis for ASP, PSP and lipophilic toxins, as well as a suite of non-EU regulated toxins such as tetrodotoxin and selected cyclic imines. Results revealed the presence of low levels of PSP toxins in oysters throughout the study period. Overall, total toxicities reached a maximum of 10% of the EU regulatory limit of 800 μg STX eq/kg. Toxin profiles were similar to those reported from the 1980 outbreak. No evidence was found for significant levels of ASP and lipophilic toxins, although some cyclic imines were detected, including gymnodimine. The results indicated that the risk to shellfish consumers during this specific study period would have been low. However, with historical evidence for extremely high levels of PSP toxins in molluscs, there is a strong need for routine surveillance of shellfish production areas for marine toxins, in order to mitigate against human health impacts resulting from unexpected harmful algal blooms, with potentially devastating socio-economic consequences.

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

“…Similar to other phycotoxins, a high content of GYMs can accumulate in bivalve mollusks, including in scallops, mussels, oysters, and clams. Shellfish samples contaminated by Toxins 2021, 13, 793 2 of 14 GYMs have been reported in China [8,9], Europe [10,11], Lebanon [12], Mexico [13] and India [14]. Even though a regulatory limit for GYMs in shellfish has not been adopted due to lack of knowledge regarding their toxicological effects on human health, this toxin group has been evaluated by EFSA [15].…”

Toxic Algae Silence Physiological Responses to Multiple Climate Drivers in a Tropical Marine Food Chain

“…Previous work has suggested that clams including Meretrix spp. may have a degree of resistance to PST uptake (Lu and Hwang, 2002), but other studies have reported very high PST levels of >3240 μg STX eq kg −1 , e.g., from Meretrix casta during a HAB outbreak in southwest India (Karunasagar et al, 1984). However, the results presented in this study, together with results of previous studies suggest that further work is required to fully understand the mechanistic effects of multiple climate change drivers on uptake and detoxification rates by commercially important bivalves.…”

An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China

“…PSTs can be transported and bioaccumulated in shellfish through the food chain before being consumed by humans [2]. Previous studies have shown that shellfish contamination with PSTs is a major health challenge in many coastal areas, such as Malaysia [22], Tasmania [23], India [24], and Venezuela [25]. Recently, high PST levels exceeding regulatory limits have been detected in shellfish from southeastern China, affecting seafood safety for consumers [19].…”