Assessing the risk potential of porcine circoviruses for xenotransplantation: consensus primer‐PCR‐based search for a human circovirus

Hattermann, Kim; Maerz, Alexander; Slanina, Heiko; Schmitt, Cornelia; Mankertz, Annette

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00181.x

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The results of this investigation are consistent with published data concerning the lack of pathogenicity of PCV1 in pigs and humans, [20][21][22] including individuals likely to be at high-risk of infection, such as veterinarians in swine practice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…PCV2 has been linked to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and other diseases in pigs, [29][30][31] but there is currently no evidence supporting PCV2 pathogenicity in humans. 22,23,28,32 Considerable reductions in hospital admissions and mortality due to rotavirus gastroenteritis and diarrhea of any cause in infants and young children have been reported following inclusion of Rotarix™ into global infant immunization schedules. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] Based on the findings of this investigation and information derived from their own investigation, 16 the FDA determined that it was appropriate to resume use of Rotarix™ and the temporary marketing suspension of the vaccine was lifted within 2 mo of its initiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine,Rotarix™

Dubin

Toussaint

Cassart

et al. 2013

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine,Rotarix™

Dubin

Toussaint

Cassart

et al. 2013

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…PCV2 was also reported in a colon biopsy specimen from a patient with ulcerative colitis, although contamination with PCV2 from stool is difficult to exclude in this case (2). No PCV DNA was found by PCR in screening more than 1,000 samples from various tissues of both healthy and immunosuppressed humans and plasma samples from 18 xenotransplantation recipients of pig islet cells (9,13). In this study, the results of screening plasma samples from 96 U.S. blood donors and 113 Central African bush hunters via pan-Rep PCR were also negative (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Diverse Circoviruses Infect Farm Animals and Are Commonly Found in Human and Chimpanzee Feces

Kapoor

Slikas

et al. 2010

J Virol

349

399

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Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs and can cause a wide range of severe symptoms with significant economic impact. Using viral metagenomics, we identified circovirus-like DNA sequences and characterized 15 circular viral DNA genomes in stool samples from humans in Pakistan, Nigeria, Tunisia, and the United States and from wild chimpanzees. Distinct genomic features and phylogenetic analysis indicate that some viral genomes were part of a previously unrecognized genus in the Circoviridae family we tentatively named "Cyclovirus" whose genetic diversity is comparable to that of all the known species in the Circovirus genus. Circoviridae detection in the stools of U.S. adults was limited to porcine circoviruses which were also found in most U.S. pork products. To determine whether the divergent cycloviruses found in non-U.S. human stools were of dietary origin, we genetically compared them to the cycloviruses in muscle tissue samples of commonly eaten farm animals in Pakistan and Nigeria. Limited genetic overlap between cycloviruses in human stool samples and local cow, goat, sheep, camel, and chicken meat samples indicated that the majority of the 25 Cyclovirus species identified might be human viruses. We show that the genetic diversity of small circular DNA viral genomes in various mammals, including humans, is significantly larger than previously recognized, and frequent exposure through meat consumption and contact with animal or human feces provides ample opportunities for cyclovirus transmission. Determining the role of cycloviruses, found in 7 to 17% of non-U.S. human stools and 3 to 55% of non-U.S. meat samples tested, in both human and animal diseases is now facilitated by knowledge of their genomes.

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“…A single human gut biopsy specimen has been reported to contain PCV2 DNA, but contamination from human feces containing PCV2 from consumed pork cannot be excluded (6). A large PCR screen of human plasma and tissues did not detect any PCV2 DNA, and inoculations of various human cell lines with PCV2 were nonproductive (12,13). Serological testing for PCV exposure has yielded ambivalent results, with one group reporting a high rate of human seroreactivity to PCV1, although with an altered binding profile relative to pig serum samples, indicating the possible presence of a related but distinct virus (33).…”

Section: Vol 84 2010 Adventitious Virus In Live-attenuated Vaccine mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Nucleic Acids in Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Detection of Minority Variants and an Adventitious Virus

Victoria

Wang²,

Jones

et al. 2010

J Virol

306

218

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Metagenomics and a panmicrobial microarray were used to examine eight live-attenuated viral vaccines. Viral nucleic acids in trivalent oral poliovirus (OPV), rubella, measles, yellow fever, varicella-zoster, multivalent measles/mumps/rubella, and two rotavirus live vaccines were partially purified, randomly amplified, and pyrosequenced. Over half a million sequence reads were generated covering from 20 to 99% of the attenuated viral genomes at depths reaching up to 8,000 reads per nucleotides. Mutations and minority variants, relative to vaccine strains, not known to affect attenuation were detected in OPV, mumps virus, and varicella-zoster virus. The anticipated detection of endogenous retroviral sequences from the producer avian and primate cells was confirmed. Avian leukosis virus (ALV), previously shown to be noninfectious for humans, was present as RNA in viral particles, while simian retrovirus (SRV) was present as genetically defective DNA. Rotarix, an orally administered rotavirus vaccine, contained porcine circovirus-1 (PCV1), a highly prevalent nonpathogenic pig virus, which has not been shown to be infectious in humans. Hybridization of vaccine nucleic acids to a panmicrobial microarray confirmed the presence of endogenous retroviral and PCV1 nucleic acids. Deep sequencing and microarrays can therefore detect attenuated virus sequence changes, minority variants, and adventitious viruses and help maintain the current safety record of live-attenuated viral vaccines.

show abstract

Assessing the risk potential of porcine circoviruses for xenotransplantation: consensus primer‐PCR‐based search for a human circovirus

Abstract: This result renders the existence of a human circovirus related to the porcine circoviruses more unlikely, nevertheless the presence of such a virus cannot be ruled out.

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine,Rotarix™

Investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine,Rotarix™

Multiple Diverse Circoviruses Infect Farm Animals and Are Commonly Found in Human and Chimpanzee Feces

Viral Nucleic Acids in Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Detection of Minority Variants and an Adventitious Virus

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