Assessing the Welfare of Migrant and Non-migrant Households in Four Indonesian Cities: Some Demographic, Social and Employment Characteristics

Mental health assimilation of rural–urban migrants in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia's four cities

“…We subsample the estimates based on geography and demography variables that are important for migrant heterogeneity, namely hosting city category, migration distance, and intermarriage status, to explore some possible further explanations of the rural-urban assimilation profile in Indonesia. 10 Geographic heterogeneity analysis is important for the case of Indonesia as the country is an archipelagic nation in which economic development might vary across hosting cities (Effendi et al, 2010). The costs and challenges of migrating also depend on distance, especially for those who move across islands.…”

“…In the context of internal migration, people tend to move from low‐wage home labour markets, typically in rural areas, to high‐wage destination labour markets, typically in urban areas (Chauvin et al, 2017; Gollin et al, 2014). The convergence of earnings between rural–urban migrants compared to those of the urban population (non‐migrants), or the rural–urban migrants' economic assimilation process, is of great interest in the discourse of social and economic mobility of migrants in developing nations (Effendi et al, 2010; Khan, 2017; Qu & Zhao, 2017).…”