“… 17 In this work, in contrast to our previous studies 8 , 17 , 25 where the reversed gradient technique 3 , 4 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 – 27 was used to distinguish and characterize different sources of system-related geometric distortion (including those induced by stereotactic accessories such as the immobilization frame used in Gamma Knife SRS applications 17 ), distortion assessment relied entirely on 1 MR scan, as has been demonstrated elsewhere. 5 – 7 , 28 , 29 Consequently, both sequence-independent (ie, arising from gradient nonlinearity) and sequence-dependent distortions 3 , 25 , 30 , 31 (ie, distortions related to B 0 inhomogeneity, chemical shift artifacts, and susceptibility differences) were taken into account. However, chemical shift artifacts are not relevant in a phantom study, while susceptibility-induced distortions (stemming from acrylic-copper sulfate solution susceptibility difference) are uniform throughout the entire geometry and, inevitably, cancel out during the spatial registration step.…”