Assessment and Intervention for PTSD in Children Exposed to Violence

Kerig, Patricia K.; Fedorowicz, Anne E.; Brown, Corina A.; Warren, Michelle

doi:10.1300/j146v03n01_11

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Kerig and colleagues (Kerig, Fedorowicz, Brown, & Warren, 2000) differentiate PTSD symptoms for adolescents, school-age children, and preschool children. For adolescents, their list of arousal symptoms includes insomnia or withdrawal into heavy sleep, angry or aggressive behavior, and academic difficulties in addition to the standard symptoms of hypervigilance and exaggerated startle response.…”

Section: Challenges With the Diagnosis Of Ptsd In Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Margolin

Vickerman

2007

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

160

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Exposure to child physical abuse and parents' domestic violence can subject youth to pervasive traumatic stress and lead to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The often repeating and ongoing nature of family violence exposure may result in youth exhibiting problems in multiple domains of functioning and meeting criteria for multiple disorders in addition to PTSD. These characteristics as well as unique factors related to children's developmental level and symptom presentation complicate a PTSD diagnosis. This paper describes evolving conceptualizations in the burgeoning field of trauma related to family violence exposure, and reviews considerations that inform assessment and treatment planning for this population. KeywordsPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); child physical abuse; domestic violence; complex trauma; Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Children's interpersonal violence exposure is now recognized as a potential precursor to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth with the acknowledgement that extraordinarily stressful events can occur as part of children's customary experiences. Early examples of children's PTSD focused on sudden, out-of-the-ordinary catastrophic events such as sniper attack and natural disaster (Pynoos, et al., 1987); however, recent definitions of trauma stressors have expanded to include events within the range of normal experience that are capable of causing death, injury, or threaten the physical integrity of the child or a loved one (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP], 1998; American Psychological Association [APA], 1994). Yet, children's violence exposure poses challenges to current understanding of PTSD: What if the violence exposure is life-long and there is not a discrete precipitating event? Does violence that is not "life-threatening" still qualify as a traumatic event? This paper addresses children's exposure to violence in the home, specifically domestic violence and child physical abuse, as potential precursors to PTSD in children, and provides a foundational framework of knowledge essential to working with youth traumatized by family violence. For a review of treatments with this population, please see Vickerman and Margolin, this issue. Child sexual abuse and community violence, other examples of youth violence exposure, have somewhat different mechanisms of impact and have received attention

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Section: Challenges With the Diagnosis Of Ptsd In Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Margolin

Vickerman

2007

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

160

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“…À cet égard, Giles-Sims (1998) estime que 50 % des femmes victimes de violence conjugale auraient un diagnostic de dépression, comparativement à 7 % chez les femmes qui ne sont pas victimes de violence. Des études récentes révèlent d'ailleurs que les femmes et les enfants qui vivent dans un contexte de violence conjugale peuvent présenter un syndrome de stress post-traumatique (Jarvis, Gordon et Novaco, 2005;Kerig, et collab., 2000) et que, même deux ans après avoir mis un terme à la relation de violence, 50 % des femmes et 40 % de leurs enfants présentent encore des symptômes de stress post-traumatique (Chemtob et Carlson, 2004).…”

Section: Problématiqueunclassified

Quand le manque d’accès aux services en français revictimise les femmes victimes de violence conjugale et leurs enfants

Lapierre

Coderre

Côté

et al. 2014

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Cet article s’appuie sur les résultats d’une recherche réalisée en Ontario et au Nouveau-Brunswick, visant à documenter l’accès aux services en français pour les femmes francophones victimes de violence conjugale et pour leurs enfants. S’appuyant sur les résultats de la première phase d’une recherche-action réalisée en partenariat avec des chercheuses universitaires et des milieux communautaires, les données démontrent que ces femmes sont confrontées à des réalités particulières et que les lacunes dans l’accès aux services en français compromettent leur bien-être, leur santé et leur sécurité. Ces lacunes ont également des impacts sur le bien-être, la santé et la sécurité de leurs enfants. Considérant ces impacts, le manque d’accès aux services en français peut être perçu comme une forme de revictimisation des femmes.This paper draws upon findings from a study conducted in Ontario and New-Brunswick, looking at the access to francophone services for women and children living with domestic violence. Drawing upon the results of the first phase of an action research project conducted in partnership with academic researchers and community organizations, the data demonstrates that francophone women face particular challenges. There are important gaps in francophone services, which have consequences on the women’s well-being, health and safety. Those gaps also have consequences on their children’s well-being, health and safety. Given those consequences, the lack of access to francohphone services can be seen as an additional form of victimisation for women

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“…This review has highlighted that rates of violence exposure vary by age, with CVE increasing as youth enter adolescence (Kuo, Mohler, Raudenbush, & Earls, 2000) and rates of bullying peaking in middle adolescence (Nansel et al, 2001). Moreover, scholars have highlighted that children are likely to have their own age-specific ways of responding to violence exposure (Kerig et al, 2000). Kerig and colleagues point out that pre-school, school-age and adolescent youth manifest different symptoms in response to trauma (Kerig et al, 2000).…”

Section: Factors Moderating Polyvictimization and Its Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, scholars have highlighted that children are likely to have their own age-specific ways of responding to violence exposure (Kerig et al, 2000). Kerig and colleagues point out that pre-school, school-age and adolescent youth manifest different symptoms in response to trauma (Kerig et al, 2000). The level of autonomy, as well as the ability to communicate and process emotions is much different between pre-school students and adolescents, raising the likelihood that children at different ages will respond to violence exposure in developmentally specific ways.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pathways from Polyvictimization to Youth Problem Behaviors: The Critical Role of School Engagement

Voisin

Elsaesser

2013

IJHE

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School engagement has a powerful influence on youth development. Youth who fail in school are at significant risk for a host of subsequent psychosocial outcomes, including substance use, risky sexual behaviors, gang involvement, and increased contact with juvenile justice authorities. Although school engagement is an important determinant of key developmental outcomes, few studies have adequately considered how polyvictimization may not only compromise school engagement but also negatively impact psychological functioning, lead to negative peer affiliations with gangs, thereby subsequently increasing the risk for drug use and subsequent juvenile justice involvement. In addition, no studies have considered how key factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity and parenting styles may moderate those risk relationships. Based on the existing empirical literature and several unifying theories, we present a conceptual model that documents pathways from polyvictimization to multiple youth problem behaviors, with school engagement as a key mediator. This review is intended to help guide future research in these areas. We conclude with recommendations for school-based interventions and future research based on this innovative model. Keywords: Polyvictimization, Psychological symptoms, School engagement, Youth problem behaviors, Peer relationships 1. Introduction In the United States (U.S.) youth are exposed to high rates of multiple forms of violence (e.g., child maltreatment, witnessing interparental violence, community violence and bullying). Recent national surveys have found that over 60% of children are exposed to some form of violence (Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner, 2009). Emerging research documents that such exposures are individually associated with youth problem behaviors across mental health, school, peer and sexual domains. For instance, research provides evidence that youth exposed to repeated community and family violence report less positive school engagement (e.g., student-teacher connectedness and grade point average) and higher psychological symptoms (i.e., PTSD, internalizing and externalizing behaviors) (Margolin & Gordis, 2000;Voisin, Neilands, & Hunnicutt, 2011). However, the extant literature has not considered how these individual and combined forms of violence exposures are associated with individual risk behaviors. Additionally, there is a dearth of conceptual models that present empirical and theoretical formulations that may help us to better understand why polyvictimization and multiple youth problem behaviors often occur. Moreover, the role of school engagement as a point of intervention between violence exposures and youth problem behaviors has been underexplored. School engagement is a multi-dimensional construct reflecting the degree to which students are engaged emotionally, behaviorally and academically in school (Furlong & Christenson, 2008) and has a powerful impact on youth outcomes. In the United States (U.S.) most states mandate that all youth be enrolled in school (Alexander ...

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Assessment and Intervention for PTSD in Children Exposed to Violence

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Quand le manque d’accès aux services en français revictimise les femmes victimes de violence conjugale et leurs enfants

Pathways from Polyvictimization to Youth Problem Behaviors: The Critical Role of School Engagement

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