Assessment and mapping of total suspended particulate and soil quality around brick kilns and occupational health issues among brick kilns workers in Pakistan

Hamid, Almas; Riaz, Aiman; Noor, Faiza; Mazhar, Iqra

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22428-8

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Other health outcomes reported in the literature included skin complaints, 72,74,79,88,90,91,108,109 ocular problems, 72,79,88,90,91,95,108,109 injuries, 79,108 and nasal and otologic complications. 74 The proportion of BKWs with skin complaints ranged between 5% 109 and 19% 79 , with the major problems being callosities, eczema, dermatitis and itchy hands and feet.…”

Section: Other Health Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifty-eight (56%) reported data on brick kiln pollution, 6,8,15,16, 25 (24%) on health, 5, and 21 (20%) on both pollution and health. 7,9,[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] We mapped countries where brick kiln research was conducted in Figure 2. Most were in South Asia (Online Supplement).…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six studies reported metal concentrations. 30,47,49,52,61,96 We summarized findings of the individual studies in the Online Supplement. Briefly, heavy metals such as mercury, lead, barium, zinc, chromium and cadmium were commonly identified at the kiln sites.…”

Section: Pollutant Concentrations At Brick Kiln Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nine studies reported data on musculoskeletal pain; [70][71][72][73]80,89,91,96,110 however, none of these studies linked musculoskeletal pain directly to brick kiln pollution exposure. Four studies compared BKWs to controls and found that the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems was consistently higher in BKWs than in controls.…”

Section: Musculoskeletal Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicolaou,

Sylvies,

Veloso

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundBrick kiln emissions adversely affect air quality and the health of workers and individuals living near the kilns; however, evidence of the impacts of brick kiln pollution remains limited.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of brick kiln pollution (emissions, source contributions and personal exposures) and its effects on health. We extracted articles from electronic databases and through manual citation searching. We estimated pooled, sample-size-weighted means and standard deviations for personal exposures by job type; computed mean emission factors and pollutant concentrations by brick kiln design; and meta-analyzed differences in means or proportions for health outcomes between brick kiln workers (BKWs) and controls or for participants living near or far away from kilns.ResultsOur search yielded 1015 articles; 208 (20%) were assessed for eligibility and 101 (10%) were included in our review. We identified three additional studies through manual searching. Of 104 studies, 74 (71%) were conducted in South Asia. The most evaluated pollutants were particulate matter (PM; n=48), sulfur dioxide (SO2; n=24) and carbon monoxide (CO; n=22), and the most evaluated health outcomes were respiratory health (n=34) and musculoskeletal disorders (n=9). PM and CO emissions were higher among traditional than improved brick kilns. Mean respirable silica exposures were only measured in 4 (4%) studies and were as high as 620 μg/m3, exceeding the NIOSH recommended exposure limit by a factor of over 12. BKWs had consistently worse lung function, more respiratory symptoms, more musculoskeletal complaints, and more inflammation when compared to unexposed participants across studies; however, most studies had a small sample size and did not fully describe methods used for sampling or data collection.DiscussionOn average, BKWs had worse health outcomes when compared to unexposed controls but study quality supporting the evidence was low. Few studies reported silica concentrations or personal exposures, but the few that did suggest that exposures are high. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between brick kiln pollution and health among workers, and to evaluate exposure mitigation strategies.

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Section: Other Health Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pollutant Concentrations At Brick Kiln Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Musculoskeletal Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicolaou,

Sylvies,

Veloso

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Therefore, the city has major air pollution problems (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , TSP, CO, NO 2 , SO 2 , etc.). There are a number of recent and comprehensive studies of particulate matter sources, distribution, and chemical composition in Pakistan (Hamid et al, 2023 ) and in Faisalabad (Shahid et al, 2012 ; Niaz et al, 2012 ; Javed et al, 2015 , 2016 ; Bashir et al, 2023 ). These studies indicate that in Faisalabad brick kilns (Hamid et al, 2023 ), industry and vehicular emissions, including tire-derived particles (Adachi & Tainosho, 2004 ), are important sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate and gaseous air pollutants exceed WHO guideline values and have the potential to damage human health in Faisalabad, Metropolitan, Pakistan

Zeeshan,

Murtaza,

Ahmad

et al. 2024

Environ Monit Assess

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First-ever measurements of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and TSP) along with gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, and SO2) were performed from June 2019 to April 2020 in Faisalabad, Metropolitan, Pakistan, to assess their seasonal variations; Summer 2019, Autumn 2019, Winter 2019–2020, and Spring 2020. Pollutant measurements were carried out at 30 locations with a 3-km grid distance from the Sitara Chemical Industry in District Faisalabad to Bhianwala, Sargodha Road, Tehsil Lalian, District Chiniot. ArcGIS 10.8 was used to interpolate pollutant concentrations using the inverse distance weightage method. PM2.5, PM10, and TSP concentrations were highest in summer, and lowest in autumn or winter. CO, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were highest in summer or spring and lowest in winter. Seasonal average NO2 and SO2 concentrations exceeded WHO annual air quality guide values. For all 4 seasons, some sites had better air quality than others. Even in these cleaner sites air quality index (AQI) was unhealthy for sensitive groups and the less good sites showed Very critical AQI (> 500). Dust-bound carbon and sulfur contents were higher in spring (64 mg g−1) and summer (1.17 mg g−1) and lower in autumn (55 mg g−1) and winter (1.08 mg g−1). Venous blood analysis of 20 individuals showed cadmium and lead concentrations higher than WHO permissible limits. Those individuals exposed to direct roadside pollution for longer periods because of their occupation tended to show higher Pb and Cd blood concentrations. It is concluded that air quality along the roadside is extremely poor and potentially damaging to the health of exposed workers. Graphical abstract

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Assessing smog trends and sources of air pollutants across northeastern districts of Punjab, Pakistan using geospatial techniques

Goheer,

Hassan,

Sheikh

et al. 2024

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Assessment and mapping of total suspended particulate and soil quality around brick kilns and occupational health issues among brick kilns workers in Pakistan

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Particulate and gaseous air pollutants exceed WHO guideline values and have the potential to damage human health in Faisalabad, Metropolitan, Pakistan

Assessing smog trends and sources of air pollutants across northeastern districts of Punjab, Pakistan using geospatial techniques

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