“…However, tourism growth has led to direct and indirect impacts on the coastal ecology and environment (Gladstone et al, 2013 ; Williamson et al, 2017 ; Zupan et al, 2018 ), thus affecting the benefits of ecosystem services (De Valck & Rolfe, 2018 ). Tourism, including the existing activities and intensive development, remarkably gives a negative contribution to environmental pollution (Le Grand et al, 2017 ; Liberatore et al, 2015 ; Moschino et al, 2017 ; Suciu et al, 2017 ), including marine debris (Wilson & Verlis, 2017 ; Hayati et al, 2015 ) and microbial bacteria (Torres-Bejarano et al, 2016 ). Also, tourism development leads to a rapid change in the landscape due to the increasing human population as a consequence of the growing number of visitors and urbanization (Bottema & Bush, 2012 ; D'Angelo & Wiedenmann, 2013 ; Hampton & Jeyacheya, 2014 ; Kurniawan et al, 2016a , 2016b ; Ngah et al, 2012 ); consequently, the landscape of the island becomes more exposed and later contributes to the decline in seawater quality.…”