Assessment as Learning in Medical Education: Feasibility and Perceived Impact of Student-Generated Formative Assessments

Abstract

Background Self-regulated learning (SRL) is gaining widespread recognition as a vital competency that is desirable to sustain lifelong learning, especially relevant to health professions education. Contemporary educational practices emphasize this aspect of undergraduate medical education through innovative designs of teaching and learning, such as the flipped classroom and team-based learning. Assessment practices are less commonly deployed to build capacity for SRL. Assessment as learning (AaL) can be a unique way of inculcating SRL by enabling active learning habits. It charges students to create formative assessments, reinforcing student-centered in-depth learning and critical thinking. Objective This study aimed to explore, from the learners’ perspectives, the feasibility and perceived learning impact of student-generated formative assessments. Methods This study relied on a convergent mixed methods approach. An educational intervention was deployed on a cohort of 54 students in the second year of a 6-year undergraduate medical program as part of a single-course curriculum. The AaL intervention engaged students in generating assessments using peer collaboration, tutor facilitation, and feedback. The outcomes of the intervention were measured through quantitative and qualitative data on student perceptions, which were collected through an anonymized web-based survey and in-person focus groups, respectively. Quantitative survey data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM), and qualitative inputs underwent thematic analysis. Results The students’ overall score of agreement with the AaL educational intervention was 84%, which was strongly correlated with scores for ease and impact on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The themes that emerged from the qualitative analysis included prominent characteristics, immediate gains, and expected long-term benefits of engagement. The prominent characteristics included individuals’ engagement, effective interdependencies, novelty, and time requirements. The identified immediate gains highlighted increased motivation and acquisition of knowledge and skills. The expected long-term benefits included critical thinking, problem solving, and clinical reasoning. Conclusions As a form of AaL, student-generated assessments were perceived as viable, constructive, and stimulating educational exercises by the student authors. In the short term, the activity provided students with a fun and challenging opportunity to dive deeply into the content, be creative in designing questions, and improve exam-taking skills. In the long term, students expected an enhancement of critical thinking and the inculcation of student-centered attributes of self-regulated lifelong learning and peer collaboration, which are vital to the practice of medicine.

Implementation of Formative Assessment ‘for’ Learning: A Review

“…Six key success factors for effective formative assessment included appropriate methods, effective reflection, frequency of assessment, appropriate scoring, adequate support systems, and teacher knowledge and management (26,29). Implementing formative assessment required involving stakeholders, including institutions and regulating bodies, and emphasized the importance of faculty development, curriculum design, and advocacy (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Overall, this narrative review highlighted the importance of balancing formative and summative assessments in medical education.…”

“…Stakeholder Involvement Implementation requires the involvement of stakeholders, including institutions and regulating bodies. Faculty development, curriculum design, and advocacy are recommended for promoting formative assessment (30,31,32,33,34,35).…”

Students’ Perception of Formative Assessment as an Instructional Tool in Competency-Based Medical Education: Proposal for a Proof-of-Concept Study

“…Self-directed learning has gained widespread recognition [ 20 ]. Medical educators have been experimenting with differing techniques to foster self-directed learning and in turn lifelong learning habits [ 18 , 21 , 22 ]. The study proposed in this protocol is likely to prove that the FAIS is effective in enhancing academic performance through fostering self-directed learning [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Empowering teachers to create learning animation videos with an assessment as learning approach

“…The AaL approach is a concept that emphasizes that evaluation in learning is not only about measuring student achievement but also about how students can learn from the evaluation process (Yin et al, 2022;Lam, 2020;Lakhtakia et al, 2022). In creating LAV, AaL can be a useful guide for teachers to design the video so that it is not only a teaching tool but also a valuable evaluation tool.…”