Assessment factors—Applications in health risk assessment of chemicals

Falk‐Filipsson, Agneta; Hanberg, Annika; Victorin, Katarina; Warholm, Margareta; Wallén, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.10.004

Cited by 69 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…These codes are classified into two broad categories, i.e., single and integrated assessment indices (Filipssona et al 2007;Hakanson 1980). Among the single assessment indices, it could be further divided into five categories, i.e., contamination factor, pollution load index, enrichment factor, ecological risk index, and geo-accumulation index.…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Zhenli Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan

et al. 2015

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Purpose The current study was carried out in Gadoon Amazai industrial estate and surrounding areas in order to investigate environmental pollution resulted from various industries. The industries flush their effluents in the surrounding areas without treatment, which can contribute toxic elements and compounds to the soil and also to groundwater of nearby areas. The toxic metals have high potential ecological risk to surrounding environment. Materials and methods A continuous field survey was conducted to find out flow of industrial effluent in surrounding area. For determining major and toxic metals in soil, a random sampling technique was followed to collect representative samples. A total of 45 samples were collected with 25 soil samples from target areas and 20 samples from the reference areas. For the toxic and heavy metals, 1 g powder soils (−200 mesh size) was treated with hydrofluoric acid (10 ml), aqua regia (20 ml), and HCl (20 ml). For the major elements, 0.5 g samples was treated with hydrofluoric acid (10 ml) and perchloric acid (4 and 2 ml with 2-h interval). All these soil samples were analyzed for 13 major and toxic metals using Perkin Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS-700) equipped with graphite furnace (GF). Results and discussion The results showed that the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of toxic, heavy, and major elements in target area are

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Section: Responsible Editor: Zhenli Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan

et al. 2015

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“…To obtain quantitative toxicokinetic data for comparison between individuals or between animals and human, human data are needed (Falk-Filipsson et al, 2007). Moreover, risk assessment has to be carried out using quantitative chemical-specific data that will influence the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics (Walton et al, 2001).…”

Section: Abass Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Diuron N-Demethylation by Mammalian Hepatic Microsomes and cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Abass

Reponen²,

Turpeinen³

et al. 2007

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:Diuron, a widely used herbicide and antifouling biocide, has been shown to persist in the environment and contaminate drinking water. It has been characterized as a "known/likely" human carcinogen. Whereas its environmental transformation and toxicity have been extensively examined, its metabolic characteristics in mammalian livers have not been reported. This study was designed to investigate diuron biotransformation and disposition because metabolic routes, metabolizing enzymes, interactions, interspecies differences, and interindividual variability are important for risk assessment purposes. The only metabolic pathway detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectometry in human liver homogenates and seven types of mammalian liver microsomes including human was demethylation at the terminal nitrogen atom. No other phase I or phase II metabolites were observed. The rank order of N-demethyldiuron formation in liver microsomes based on intrinsic clearance (V max /K m ) was dog > monkey > rabbit > mouse > human > minipig > rat. All tested recombinant human cytochrome P450s (P450s) catalyzed diuron N-demethylation and the highest activities were possessed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. Relative contributions of human CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to hepatic diuron N-demethylation, based on average abundances of P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes, were approximately 60, 14, and 13%, respectively. Diuron inhibited relatively potently only CYP1A1/2 (IC 50 4 M). With human-derived and quantitative chemical-specific data, the uncertainty factors for animal to human differences and for human variability in toxicokinetics were within the range of the toxicokinetics default uncertainty/safety factors for chemical risk assessment.

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“…Pharmacokinetic specificities between species have been long recognized and have thus been implemented into risk assessment by using species-specific uncertainty factors that compensate for the kinetic differences between animals and humans (Falk-Filipsson et al, 2007). Besides pharmacokinetics, evidence is evolving that also profound pharmacodynamics differences exist between species (e.g.…”

Section: General Aspects On Cell Methods Due To the Current 'State Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review on in vitro and alternative Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) testing methods

Fritsche

Alm

Baumann

et al. 2015

EFSA Supporting Publications

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The goal of this systematic review performed under a contract with EFSA was the evaluation of information on assessment methods in the field of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive literature search and collection of scientific literature and all other relevant grey literature and website information (in English) from past 20 years until mid of April 2014 on the state of the art of in vivo DNT testing methods including novel and alternative non-mammalian models, in vitro test methods, in silico methods, read across and combination of testing methods in test batteries was performed. This systematic review identified a variety of methods covering early and later stages of neurodevelopment that have the ability to predict DNT of chemicals. Few in vivo models alternative to OECD TG 426 were identified. In general, the available published in vivo data is scattered and heterogeneous, making comparisons across exposure paradigms and compounds very difficult. Thus, to make more useful evaluations, publications with more consistent experimental designs are needed, and more focused in vivo-in vitro comparisons are needed to establish useful effect biomarkers and testing models. From the alternative methods, a testing strategy covering early and later neurodevelopmental stages (from stem cell to zebrafish larvae motor behaviour) can be assembled. For gaining regulatory acceptance, definition of biological application domains of alternative methods by performing e.g. in vitro -in vivo validation is needed. Moreover, protocols for cell-based and zebrafish assays need international standardization. With such standardized protocols, the test battery needs to be tested for its sensitivity and specificity by testing concentration-responses of known DNT positive and negative compounds across the different assays. Such data might then be used either for regulatory decision-making or compound prioritization in favour of a reduction of rodent guideline in vivo testing.

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Assessment factors—Applications in health risk assessment of chemicals

Cited by 69 publications

References 73 publications

Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan

Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan

Characterization of Diuron N-Demethylation by Mammalian Hepatic Microsomes and cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Literature review on in vitro and alternative Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) testing methods

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