“…These include 'progression trees' , scoregenerated leaderboards, and digital badges (Abramovich, Schunn, & Higashi, 2013;Ahn, Pellicone, & Butler, 2014;Lokuge Dona, Gregory, & Pechenkina, 2016). Further, considering that low-stakes assessments offered early on in the teaching period build confidence and engagement, and, in turn, have a beneficial effect on retention (Meer & Chapman, 2014), delivered in a gamified format such assessments can make a mobile learning app more effective in its task (Weitze & Söbke, 2016).…”