Assessment Framework for Natural Groundwater Contamination in Arid Regions: Development of Indices and Wells Ranking System Using Fuzzy VIKOR Method

Abstract

Limited groundwater resources in arid regions have been found polluted for drinking purpose due to the presence of natural minerals and radioactive substances, in the sub-soils, higher than the drinking water quality standards. Municipalities in these regions are spending extensive resources to transport (from well fields) and treat this raw water to provide safe water to the community. Regular monitoring of various physical, chemical, and radioactive water quality parameters (WQPs) in raw water generates large datasets, which makes it difficult to come up with convenient findings for both the decision-makers and general public. A hierarchical water quality assessment framework develops three sub-indices, an overall water quality index, and a system for ranking of groundwater wells. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP) establishes the importance weights of different WQPs and the sub-indices based on their impacts on human health, treatment processes, distribution system infrastructure, and irrigation applications. Fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (fuzzy-VIKOR) method aggregates the WQPs’ performance for each well and ranks all the wells in a well field based on their overall pollution levels, i.e., remoteness from the applicable standards. For evaluating the pragmatism of the framework, data of 11 WQPs were obtained for 39 wells operating in three different well fields located along the boundaries and the central part of Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Spatial water quality maps showing physical, chemical, radioactive, and overall water quality assessment results revealed that the oldest well field located in the middle of the city outperforms the other two more recently developed well fields with lesser anthropogenic activities in their catchments. These findings testify that the primary source of contamination in deep aquifers is the natural sub-soil condition. The water quality indices will be useful to demonstrate the current situation of groundwater quality in Qassim Region and will facilitate the decision-makers for defining the intended uses of raw water sources (i.e., drinking, unrestricted irrigation, and restricted irrigation) and rehabilitation and renewal planning of the groundwater wells. The framework is applicable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Gulf Region, and elsewhere for groundwater quality assessment with desired modifications.

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“…Moreover, Salimi et al [43] examined the role of advertising on water consumption. Furthermore, Haider et al [44] analyzed ways to prevent the contamination of limited water in dry and arid places. Additionally, Solangi et al [45] focused on the electricity generation in Pakistan by considering the IT2 fuzzy VIKOR methodology.…”

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“…These terms are translated into triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) to approximate the qualitative judgments of four decision makers from academia and field (engineers and managers working in construction and municipalities). Haider et al (2020) used the α-cut approach-based Fuzzy-AHP to estimate the weights of water quality parameters for ranking of naturally contaminated groundwater wells in the Qassim Province of Saudi Arabia [25]. The same approach was adopted here and the detailed steps can be seen in [25,26] and Appendix A.…”

“…Haider et al (2020) used the α-cut approach-based Fuzzy-AHP to estimate the weights of water quality parameters for ranking of naturally contaminated groundwater wells in the Qassim Province of Saudi Arabia [25]. The same approach was adopted here and the detailed steps can be seen in [25,26] and Appendix A. Table A1 presents the nine-point rating scale used in pairwise comparison.…”

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