Assessment of adnexal masses using ultrasound: a practical review

Abstract

Pelvic ultrasound is commonly used as part of the routine gynecologic exams, resulting in diagnosis of adnexal masses, the majority of which are functional or benign. However, due to the possible complications involving benign adnexal cysts (ie, adnexal torsion, pelvic pain) and the utmost importance of early diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer, the correct ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal masses is essential in clinical practice. This review will describe the typical ultrasound appearance of the common physiologic, benign, and malignant adnexal masses with the aim of aiding the clinician to reach the correct diagnosis.

Combined Application of Ultrasound and CT Increased Diagnostic Value in Female Patients with Pelvic Masses

“…Most pelvic masses are benign conditions, such as an ovarian cyst, while others may be malignant [12, 13]. According to the American Cancer Society estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States in 2016, about 22,280 women will receive a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer, while about 14,240 women will die from ovarian cancer [14].…”

Coexistence of Mature Cystic Teratoma and Endometrioma in an Ovarian Cyst

“…The bones and teeth appear hyperechoic [8]. MCT are sometimes difficult to distinguish on ultrasound from hemorrhagic cysts, mucinous cystic neoplasm and endometriomas [9].…”

Large ovarian cyst with torsion

“…The presentation of ovarian torsion classically includes acute onset lower abdominal pain and a palpable adnexal mass; nausea and vomiting occur in 70 % of patients [3]. Ultrasound is a commonly used imaging modality in evaluating acute pelvic pain; cystic etiologies of torsion are easily visualized [3,4].…”