Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolates from Migratory Birds in the River Ravi Stopover Site

Abstract

Migratory birds are important vectors for the spread of zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, posing a global public health risk. The River Ravi in Pakistan, is a crucial stopover for migratory birds, is seeing increased anthropogenic activity, which contributes to the spread of AMR bacteria. Objective: To assess the prevalence of specific antibiotic-resistant bacterial species among different migratory birds, and significance of migrating birds as possible reservoirs and disseminators of AMR bacteria. Methods: The study was carried out along the Ravi River in Lahore. Fecal samples from five migrating bird species were gathered at five distinct locations utilizing non-invasive mist netting and fresh fecal collection. The bacteria were isolated and identified using Gram staining and biochemical analysis. The Kirby-Bauer technique of disc diffusion was employed to assess the sensitivity of microorganisms. Results: All sites showed significant contamination from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were most common, indicating fecal contamination. It was found that E. coli and S. aureus are highly resistant to Azithromycin and Gentamycin, whereas K. pneumoniae is resistant to Norfloxacin. However, erythromycin and tetracycline were effective against P. aeruginosa and C. septicum, respectively. Conclusions: The research concluded that the River Ravi was significantly contaminated with germs from humans and the surroundings, along with distinct AMR patterns. The elevated levels of S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. point to serious health risks for the general public. AMR patterns emphasize the difficulty in controlling bacterial infections, emphasizing the importance of targeted antimicrobial treatments and ongoing surveillance.