Assessment of Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Diseases in Areas of U.S. Troop Deployment in the Persian Gulf

Cope, Stanton E.; Schultz, George W.; Richards, Allen L.; Savage, Harry M.; Smith, Gordon Cs; Mitchell, Carl J.; Fryauff, David J.; Conlon, Joseph M.; Corneil, Jeffrey A; Hyams, Kenneth C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.49

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…One positive serum for SFSV was also positive for Brucella spp. All 14 specimens tested negative for (5) 0.43 (9) 0.13 (5) 0.32 (9) 0.18 (8) Musculoskeletal/trauma 3.14 (22) 0.37 (9) 1.79 (25) 0.32 (10) 1.52 (32) 0.55 (21) 0.96 (27) 0.42 (19) Environmental 0.86 (6) 0.24 (6) 0.36 (5) 0.06 (2) 0.05 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.14 (4) 0.00 (0) Dermatologic 2.29 (16) 0.57 (14) 1.64 (23) 0.25 (8) 1.33 (28) 0.21 (8) 0.79 (22) 0.24 (11) Medical/Surgical 0.86 (6) 1.27 (31)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports from Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm showed no identified cases of SFF and no SFSV was isolated from 1,556 sand flies that were tested in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. 11,19 More recently, a study in Al Asad, Iraq, showed a 1.8% seroconversion rate of SFSV in 500 Marines with self-reported febrile illness. 17 Both the Al Asad study and this report identify the presence of SFF virus in Iraq.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak of SandFly Fever in Central Iraq, September 2007

Ellis¹,

Appenzeller²,

Lee

et al. 2008

Military Medicine

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An outbreak of nonspecific febrile illnesses occurred among U.S. Army troops in September 2007 at a remote, newly established, rural-situated patrol base, south of Baghdad, Iraq. Soldiers displayed an acute flu-like syndrome with symptoms of fever, headache, malaise, and myalgia. A total of 14 cases was identified and treated presumptively as query fever. Subsequent convalescent serum specimens confirmed 13 (92.9%) positive for sandfly Sicilian virus and 3 (21.4%) positive for Coxiella burnetii, with two positive for both. One sandfly Sicilian virus case tested positive for Brucella spp. This outbreak emphasizes the potential for multiple simultaneous disease exposures to endemic diseases in nonindigenous military personnel at remote military locations in Iraq. Recommendations include increased theater disease surveillance, medical training, and vector control.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak of SandFly Fever in Central Iraq, September 2007

Ellis¹,

Appenzeller²,

Lee

et al. 2008

Military Medicine

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“…However, overall the number of sandfly-transmitted illnesses, including CL, VL, and sandfly fever, was lower than expected possibly because the peak period of troop buildup occurred during the cooler winter months of the year [13], [14]. This observation may explain why Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever were not significant tropical infections despite the presence of the arthropod vectors that transmit these viral infections [16].…”

Section: –91: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Stormmentioning

confidence: 93%

United States Military Tropical Medicine: Extraordinary Legacy, Uncertain Future

et al. 2013

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“…20 The absence of sandfly fever further suggests that sandfly-transmitted diseases were not prevalent during the deployment, and entomological surveys conducted during and after the war rarely found sandflies in the barren desert areas where most troops were stationed. 18,41 Last, viscerotropic leishmaniasis is probably a rare disease in northern Saudi Arabia and Kuwait where Coalition troops operated because it has not been described in local inhabitants, guest workers, or Allied troops who served in this region during World War II. 5,6 To date, there have been only a few case reports of viscerotropic leishmaniasis in localized areas of Africa and the Middle East.…”

Section: Endemic Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic infectious diseases and biological warfare during the Gulf War: a decade of analysis and final concerns.

Hyams¹,

Riddle²,

Trump³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Infectious diseases were one of the first health threats confronted by Coalition troops deployed to the Arabian desert in August 1990. On the basis of experiences in World War II, the major endemic infectious disease risks were thought to be sandfly fever, cutaneous leishmaniasis, diarrheal disease, and malaria. Although there was active surveillance, no case of sandfly fever and few other endemic infectious diseases were identified among over 500,000 U.S., British, and Canadian ground troops. In addition, there was no diagnosis of biological warfare (BW) exposure, and BW agents were not detected in clinical, environmental, or veterinary samples. The most common infectious disease problems were those associated with crowding (acute upper respiratory infections) and reduced levels of sanitation (travelers-type diarrhea). Only one endemic infectious disease has been confirmed as causing chronic health problems: visceral Leishmania tropica infection (viscerotropic leishmaniasis). However, this protozoan infection was diagnosed in only 12 U.S. veterans, and no new cases have been identified during the last 8 years. Infectious diseases were not a serious problem for Gulf War troops because of extensive preventive medicine efforts and favorable weather and geographic factors. Moreover, it is unlikely that an endemic infectious disease or a BW agent could cause chronic health problems and remain undetected over a 10-year period.

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Assessment of Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Diseases in Areas of U.S. Troop Deployment in the Persian Gulf

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Outbreak of SandFly Fever in Central Iraq, September 2007

Outbreak of SandFly Fever in Central Iraq, September 2007

United States Military Tropical Medicine: Extraordinary Legacy, Uncertain Future

Endemic infectious diseases and biological warfare during the Gulf War: a decade of analysis and final concerns.

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