Assessment of baseline age-specific antibody prevalence and incidence of infection to novel influenza AH1N1 2009

Hardelid, Pia; Andrews, Nick; Höschler, Katja; Stanford, Elaine; Baguelin, Marc; Waight, Pauline; Zambon, Maria; Miller, Elizbeth

doi:10.3310/hta14550-03

Cited by 100 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Most of the results discussed earlier correlate well with previous publications describing the dynamics of the pandemic virus infections in different countries and age distribution 1, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

Weil

Shohat

Bromberg

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 first appeared in Israel in late April 2009, disappeared in mid‐March 2010, and reappeared in late October 2010. Symptoms were mostly mild without need for medical care.ObjectivesTo provide targets for future pandemic preparedness and response by evaluating the dynamics and cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, the virus‐specific seroprevalence (HI antibody titer >1:40) at the height of the pandemic, during its decline and thereafter.MethodsA cross‐sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted on 6911 serum samples collected before, during, and after the pandemic.ResultsCumulative incidence of infection derived from the differences between post‐ and pre‐pandemic seroprevalence was 54·1%, 32·9%, 22·9%, 14·8%, and 6·3% in age‐groups 0–9, 10–19, 20–49, 50–79, and ≥80 years, respectively, and 28·5% for all age‐groups combined. Vaccination could have contributed at the most 4·6% to the post‐pandemic population seroprevalence. High pre‐pandemic immune response (47·4%) found in a cohort aged 15–18 year was strongly associated with birth years 1990–1993. Morbidity began to decline in mid‐November 2009 at 32·8% population seroprevalence (45% in ages 0–19 year) and stopped in March 2010 at 43·4% population seroprevalence in February 2010 (70% in ages 0–19 year). Between February and September 2010, seroprevalence declined by 12·2% allowing virus recirculation from October 2010.ConclusionsOur study provides targets for controlling future influenza pandemics in Israel. Vaccination should focus on the younger age‐groups (0–19 year) which played a key role in transmission of the A(H1N1)pdm09 due to lack of background immunity (ages 0–9 year) and high exposure rates (ages 10–19 year).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

Weil

Shohat

Bromberg

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…See Tables S1–S3 in the Supporting information for details of individual studies.HI, hemagglutination inhibition; MN, microneutralization assay.aHardelid et al 41. and Iwatsuki‐Horimoto et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, older individuals in some Asian countries had lower levels of cross‐reactive antibodies prior to widespread circulation of the pandemic strain than did individuals in other regions. However, this was not a universal finding for all Asian countries and may be a reflection of the age groups we chose in this meta‐analysis because we collapsed elderly age categories into a single unit (≥65 years of age): some studies observed differences among the elderly (>65 years old) versus very senior individuals (i.e., >80 years old, e.g.,25, 41, 52, 60). We note that regional differences did not persist when only looking at cumulative incidence from studies in which two sets of sera from one population were tested in the same laboratory using the same methodology or in post‐pandemic seroprevalence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating age‐specific cumulative incidence for the 2009 influenza pandemic: a meta‐analysis of A(H1N1)pdm09 serological studies from 19 countries

Kerkhove¹,

Hirve

Koukounari

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

166

139

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BackgroundThe global impact of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic (H1N1pdm) is not well understood.ObjectivesWe estimate overall and age‐specific prevalence of cross‐reactive antibodies to H1N1pdm virus and rates of H1N1pdm infection during the first year of the pandemic using data from published and unpublished H1N1pdm seroepidemiological studies.MethodsPrimary aggregate H1N1pdm serologic data from each study were stratified in standardized age groups and evaluated based on when sera were collected in relation to national or subnational peak H1N1pdm activity. Seropositivity was assessed using well‐described and standardized hemagglutination inhibition (HI titers ≥32 or ≥40) and microneutralization (MN ≥ 40) laboratory assays. The prevalence of cross‐reactive antibodies to the H1N1pdm virus was estimated for studies using sera collected prior to the start of the pandemic (between 2004 and April 2009); H1N1pdm cumulative incidence was estimated for studies in which collected both pre‐ and post‐pandemic sera; and H1N1pdm seropositivity was calculated from studies with post‐pandemic sera only (collected between December 2009–June 2010).ResultsData from 27 published/unpublished studies from 19 countries/administrative regions – Australia, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Reunion Island, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam – were eligible for inclusion. The overall age‐standardized pre‐pandemic prevalence of cross‐reactive antibodies was 5% (95%CI 3–7%) and varied significantly by age with the highest rates among persons ≥65 years old (14% 95%CI 8–24%). Overall age‐standardized H1N1pdm cumulative incidence was 24% (95%CI 20–27%) and varied significantly by age with the highest in children 5–19 (47% 95%CI 39–55%) and 0–4 years old (36% 95%CI 30–43%).ConclusionsOur results offer unique insight into the global impact of the H1N1 pandemic and highlight the need for standardization of seroepidemiological studies and for their inclusion in pre‐pandemic preparedness plans. Our results taken together with recent global pandemic respiratory‐associated mortality estimates suggest that the case fatality ratio of the pandemic virus was approximately 0·02%.

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“…Serum antibody responses to influenza A(H1N1) pdm09, A(H3N3), and influenza B viruses were detected by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) by using previously described methods (46). Samples with titers ≥32 by HI were considered positive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

STAT2 deficiency and susceptibility to viral illness in humans

Hambleton

Goodbourn

Young

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

225

205

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Severe infectious disease in children may be a manifestation of primary immunodeficiency. These genetic disorders represent important experiments of nature with the capacity to elucidate nonredundant mechanisms of human immunity. We hypothesized that a primary defect of innate antiviral immunity was responsible for unusually severe viral illness in two siblings; the proband developed disseminated vaccine strain measles following routine immunization, whereas an infant brother died after a 2-d febrile illness from an unknown viral infection. Patient fibroblasts were indeed abnormally permissive for viral replication in vitro, associated with profound failure of type I IFN signaling and absence of STAT2 protein. Sequencing of genomic DNA and RNA revealed a homozygous mutation in intron 4 of STAT2 that prevented correct splicing in patient cells. Subsequently, other family members were identified with the same genetic lesion. Despite documented infection by known viral pathogens, some of which have been more severe than normal, surviving STAT2-deficient individuals have remained generally healthy, with no obvious defects in their adaptive immunity or developmental abnormalities. These findings imply that type I IFN signaling [through interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)] is surprisingly not essential for host defense against the majority of common childhood viral infections.measles vaccine | viruses | rare diseases

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Assessment of baseline age-specific antibody prevalence and incidence of infection to novel influenza AH1N1 2009

Cited by 100 publications

References 32 publications

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

Estimating age‐specific cumulative incidence for the 2009 influenza pandemic: a meta‐analysis of A(H1N1)pdm09 serological studies from 19 countries

STAT2 deficiency and susceptibility to viral illness in humans

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