Assessment of bruise age on dark-skinned individuals using tristimulus colorimetry

Thavarajah, Dushan; Vanezis, Peter; Perrett, David

doi:10.1258/msl.2011.011038

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The sites of the bruises were standardized (lower or upper limbs) as the bruise may be less visible in thick or fatty areas (Thavarajah et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility of Age Determination of Bruises in Living Children Using High Frequency Ultrasonography in Addition to the Naked Eye Estimation

Moustafa

2015

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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All rights reserved. AbstractThe bruise is a significant injury in the eyes of the law and the need to determine the age of bruises is becoming important in routine clinical settings. Clinicians may be asked to comment on the age of any bruise found during child examination, while the coexistence of old and fresh bruises is a strong evidence for a diagnosis of chronic child abuse. It is accepted by forensic practitioners that visual assessment is far from accuracy and more frequently misleading and till now there is no standardized accepted scheme for bruise age determination. Ultrasonography (US) is a suitable tool for measuring the factors affecting the age of bruises, so the present study aims to investigate the possibility of age the bruises by measuring the depth, thickness and ultrasonography findings of subcutaneous hemorrhage using high-frequency US in a trial to estimate its age with a high degree of accuracy in addition to the naked eye assessment. 48 children of age less than 18 years were enrolled (31 boys and 17 girls) with bruises caused by trauma from accidents. The bruises were examined and photographed by a single observer to age them by naked eye. In addition, the depth, the thickness of subcutaneous hemorrhage and their characters were evaluated by using the high frequency Ultrasonography. The results indicated that naked eye estimation of the bruises was correct in (66.7%) of the cases. Ultrasonographic results showed that a fresh thin subcutaneous hemorrhage was observed as a thickening of the fibrous partition (hyperechoic), sometimes with an isoechoic area while fresh thicker bruise was observed as a hyperechoic area scattered around the fibrous partition. The echogenicity of the older bruise is less hyperechoic than the fresh one. The depth of subcutaneous hemorrhage did not generally change with time in contrast with the thickness of the subcutaneous hemorrhage which decreased with time. Ultrasonography estimation was correct in (93.8%) of the cases so, high frequency Ultrasonography can provide an evaluation of characters, depth and thickness of the bruise and allow a more accurate estimate of its age and may provide a clue that adds more accuracy to the naked eye estimation.

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“…The sites of the bruises were standardized (lower or upper limbs) as the bruise may be less visible in thick or fatty areas (Thavarajah et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility of Age Determination of Bruises in Living Children Using High Frequency Ultrasonography in Addition to the Naked Eye Estimation

Moustafa

2015

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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“…There are few works on bruise dating, and these focus on the fields of medicine, biology, and genetics. In forensic medicine, for example, in [6], the use of tristimulus colorimetric is proposed as a method to objectively determine the color of an bruise in dark‐skinned people using the CIELAB color space, which reaches 95% accuracy of the color of bruise and that could be used for dating. In [15], tristimulus colorimetry is shown to be reliable for the evaluation of the color of a bruise generated experimentally with paintballs fired by compressed air guns.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The validation was applied to the Peruvian case, where the levels of violence against women (see Figure 5) reach 68.2%, and 31.7% for physical violence [29], a percentage slightly lower than the world average that reaches 31.9% (see Figure 1), and the majority of the population is mestizo, with a skin color that is not black or white. In addition, it should be considered that most research includes only white‐skinned people [2,7,8,9,15,30,31,32], and there is a study that indicates that yellow coloration of a bruise is not visible in people with dark skin [6].…”

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bruise dating using deep learning

Tirado

Mauricio

2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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According to the latest report of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1], domestic violence against women is a global scourge, with a prevalence of physical or sexual abuse against women of just over 30% globally and 29.8% in Latin America (see Figure 1). Some victims of violence report these facts to the authorities, which require forensic clinical services such as bruise dating to support complaints, since the results of dating, used as evidence, can be decisive for justice. However, many of these complaints are filed due to lack of evidence or error in the dating of bruise, which aggravates the consequences of this scourge. Bruise, also known as ecchymosis, is the internal bleeding of the skin due to the rupture of blood vessels, which is caused by an impact with an edgeless object, without tearing or cutting the skin. Therefore, blood escapes from blood vessels close to the surface of the skin being trapped under it [2]. This generates a coloration on the surface of the skin, which shows a series of colors that vary over time and can be visible for up to 30 days from its appearance, so the medical literature reports the use of color scales for dating of an bruise. This procedure consists in determining the age of this bruise; thus, the bruise is visualized in situ or through photographs, and the judgment of an expert is applied [3], who, in general, is a coroner, and its importance lies in being evidence fundamental in a trial for domestic violence or against women. There are studies on the dating of bruise, from the medical and forensic point of view, where the use of histological analysis [4], genetic [5], chromatography [6], and visual inspection techniques are

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“…Hughes et al used varying levels of Hb and bilirubin to differentiate between recent and older bruises on living individuals [29]. Although multiple scans of the same bruise were highly reproducible, comparisons between different bruises were difficult [29,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible for a background spectra of the skin to be created when measuring the same bruise on multiple occasions, however this becomes impossible when analysing bruises present on different sites of the body, within one person and across different individuals [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%