Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Goldsborough, Earl; Osuji, Ngozi; Blaha, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2022.02.005

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Although the PCE are the current gold standard for primary risk assessment according to the ACC/ AHA [10], they carry notable limitations. The PCE have limited applicability beyond the stringent racial/ethnic categories indicated in their validation [9]. In addition, the PCE have been demonstrated to overestimate ASCVD risk by approximately 20% across all risk groups [13] while underestimating risk in specific youth with high-risk conditions (e.g.…”

Section: Pooled Cohort Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major challenges to the incorporation of PRS to ASCVD risk assessment include the utilization of only common variants in current models, limiting the power of these models, high cost, and low accessibility [71]. PRS has a projected future utility, given its static appraisal of ASCVD risk, particularly in younger patients in whom its association with risk appears more pronounced [9].…”

Section: Polygenic Risk Scoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrated risk tools (IRT) are risk stratification tools which combine variables from varying risk assessment classes (e.g. traditional risk calculators, imaging, genetic scoring) into one risk stratification tool [9]. The MESA CHD Risk Score is a notable IRT.…”

Section: Integrated Risk Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), exposure to elevated burden of pollutants (e.g. particulate matter 2.5, toxic steel pollutants) and erectile dysfunction [9,81,82].…”

Section: Other Risk-enhancing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: a 2023 update

Goldsborough

Tasdighi

Blaha

2023

Current Opinion in Lipidology

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Purpose of review The aim of this study was to highlight the current best practice for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk evaluation, including selective use of adjunctive tools for risk stratification [e.g. coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring] and risk enhancement [e.g. lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], polygenic risk scoring (PRS)]. Recent findings New studies have evaluated the efficacy of various risk assessment tools. These studies demonstrate the role of Lp(a) as a risk-enhancing factor ready for more widespread use. CAC is the gold standard method of assessing subclinical atherosclerosis, enabling true risk stratification of patients, and informing net benefit assessment for initiating or titrating lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Summary Lp(a) concentration and CAC scoring, apart from the traditional risk factors, add the most value to the current CVD risk assessment approaches of all available tools, especially in terms of guiding LLT. In addition to new integrative tools such as the MESA CHD Risk Score and Coronary Age calculator, the future of risk assessment may include PRS and more advanced imaging techniques for atherosclerosis burden. Soon, polygenic risk scoring may be used to identify the age at which to begin CAC scoring, with CAC scores guiding preventive strategies.

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Section: Pooled Cohort Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polygenic Risk Scoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrated Risk Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Risk-enhancing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: a 2023 update

Goldsborough

Tasdighi

Blaha

2023

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…According to WHO, 17.9 million people died of CVDs in 2019, which represents 32% of global deaths. In the United States alone, about 697,000 deaths occurred due to CVD in 2020, which accounts for one in every five deaths [ 2 , 3 ]. CVDs also represent a major economic burden on healthcare systems that costs over USD 300 billion each year [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Innate Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases and Its Role in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Bhagat

Shrestha

Kleinerman

2022

IJMS

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Innate immune cells are the early responders to infection and tissue damage. They play a critical role in the initiation and resolution of inflammation in response to insult as well as tissue repair. Following ischemic or non-ischemic cardiac injury, a strong inflammatory response plays a critical role in the removal of cell debris and tissue remodeling. However, persistent inflammation could be detrimental to the heart. Studies suggest that cardiac inflammation and tissue repair needs to be tightly regulated such that the timely resolution of the inflammation may prevent adverse cardiac damage. This involves the recognition of damage; activation and release of soluble mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and proteases; and immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. This is important in the context of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity as well. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective chemotherapy against multiple cancers but at the cost of cardiotoxicity. The innate immune system has emerged as a contributor to exacerbate the disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and dox-induced cardiotoxicity and provide potential therapeutic targets to alleviate the damage.

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The Effect of Spirulina Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Adults: A GRADE‐Assessed Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Shiri,

Yasbolaghi Sharahi,

Alizadeh Sani

et al. 2024

Phytotherapy Research

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Previous studies have yielded controversial results regarding the effect of spirulina on blood pressure (BP), which need updating. So, this updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) carry out a more accurate estimation of the effect of spirulina on BP in adults. This systematic searches (in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science) until April 1, 2024, to identify related RCTs based on PICOS guidelines (population (individuals > 18 years old), the intervention (spirulina), the comparison (control or placebo group), the outcomes (systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP)), the study design (RCTs)), and PRISMA‐checklist (Supporting Information, data S2). We evaluated the impact of spirulina on DBP and SBP. Conventional procedures were employed for analyzing publication bias, heterogeneity, and sensitivity. The GRADE criteria and the Cochrane assessment method were employed to evaluate the risk of bias (ROB) and certainty of evidence across the studies, respectively. The result shows spirulina consumption decreases SBP (WMD: −4.41 mmHg, 95% CI: −6.74 to −2.07, I2 = 66.1%) and DBP (WMD: −2.84 mmHg, 95% CI: −4.65 to −1.03, I2 = 62.3%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated SBP and DBP were still lower in individuals with ≥ 120 and ≥ 80 mmHg, hypertension (HTN) individuals, overweight individuals, age > 50 years, and > 8 weeks of intervention. Indeed, we do not observe publication bias, ROB, or interference studies in the overall results of BPs, and based on GRADE, our outcomes have moderate quality. Because of the low number of studies and participants, the dose–response and meta‐regression are not significant. His study demonstrated spirulina intervention decreased SBP and DBP in HTN and overweight individuals, age > 50 years, and > 8 weeks of intervention. So, spirulina intake decreases BP and could be used in clinical practice. Furthermore, more and high‐quality RCTs are needed to establish the clinical efficacy of the spirulina and determine cutoff spirulina interventions based on dose and duration.Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42024534608

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Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Cited by 57 publications

References 100 publications

Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: a 2023 update

Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: a 2023 update

The Innate Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases and Its Role in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

The Effect of Spirulina Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Adults: A GRADE‐Assessed Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

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