Assessment of Cellular Telephone and Other Radio Frequency Exposure for Epidemiologic Research

Rothman, Kenneth J.; Chou, Chung‐Kwang; Morgan, Robert O.; Balzano, Quirino; Guy, Alain; Funch, Donna P.; Preston‐Martin, Susan; Mandel, Jack; Steffens, Rebecca A.; Carlo, George L.

doi:10.1097/00001648-199605000-00013

Cited by 87 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The main limitation of these studies is the short follow up period between first exposure to mobile phones and incidence or mortality events. Consideration of the energy distribution within the head from use of hand held cell phones shows that energy absorption would be largely restricted to the side where the phone is held and close to the surface [Rothman et al, 1996a]. This area includes the skin, salivary gland, the nerve to the ear which is the site of origin of acoustic neuroma, and a small area of the surface and tissue of the brain, sites of origin of meningiomas and gliomas, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

Elwood

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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Epidemiological studies of radio frequency (RF) exposures and human cancers include studies of military and civilian occupational groups, people who live near television and radio transmitters, and users of mobile phones. Many types of cancer have been assessed, with particular attention given to leukemia and brain tumors. The epidemiological results fall short of the strength and consistency of evidence that is required to come to a conclusion that RF emissions are a cause of human cancer. Although the epidemiological evidence in total suggests no increased risk of cancer, the results cannot be unequivocally interpreted in terms of cause and effect. The results are inconsistent, and most studies are limited by lack of detail on actual exposures, short follow-up periods, and the limited ability to deal with other relevant factors. In some studies, there may be substantial biases in the data used. For these same reasons, the studies are unable to confidently exclude any possibility of an increased risk of cancer. Further research to clarify the situation is justified. Priorities include further studies of leukemia in both adults and children, and of cranial tumors in relationship to mobile phone use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

Elwood

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…Of this, most is absorbed by the skin, the salivary glands (particularly the parotid gland) and the external ear; only 20-30% is absorbed by the brain as a whole [39]. In the brain, absorbed energy is highest for glial and meningeal tissue located in the outermost part of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes on the side of the head where the phone is used [39][40][41]. The tumour types selected for study are those that occur in some of the tissues that receive most of the RF exposure from mobile phone use.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The INTERPHONE study: design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population

et al. 2007

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The very rapid worldwide increase in mobile phone use in the last decade has generated considerable interest in the possible health effects of exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields. A multinational case-control study, INTERPHONE, was set-up to investigate whether mobile phone use increases the risk of cancer and, more specifiBaruch Modan is deceased. 123Eur J Epidemiol (2007) 22: 647-664 DOI 10.1007/s10654-007-9152-z cally, whether the RF fields emitted by mobile phones are carcinogenic. The study focused on tumours arising in the tissues most exposed to RF fields from mobile phones: glioma, meningioma, acoustic neurinoma and parotid gland tumours. In addition to a detailed history of mobile phone use, information was collected on a number of known and potential risk factors for these tumours. The study was conducted in 13 countries. Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the UK using a common core protocol. This paper describes the study design and methods and the main characteristics of the study population. INTERPHONE is the largest case-control study to date investigating risks related to mobile phone use and to other potential risk factors for the tumours of interest and includes 2,765 glioma, 2,425 meningioma, 1,121 acoustic neurinoma, 109 malignant parotid gland tumour cases and 7,658 controls. Particular attention was paid to estimating the amount and direction of potential recall and participation biases and their impact on the study results.

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“…Most radiofrequency (RF) exposure assessments of mobile phone users for epidemiologic purposes have used subscriber billing records, questionnaires, and interviews to characterize temporal features of mobile phone usage Rothman et al, 1996;Berg et al, 2005;Cardis et al, 2007). These methods have assumed that exposure duration and measures of repetition are valid surrogates for RF energy absorbed from mobile phone handsets; however, technical features of mobile phone handset design, the service provider technology and coverage, and other factors may have a significant impact on the intensity of RF exposure, which would affect the absorbed dose (Andersen and Pedersen, 1997;Hillert et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured radiofrequency exposure during various mobile-phone use scenarios

Kelsh

Shum

Sheppard

et al. 2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Epidemiologic studies of mobile phone users have relied on self reporting or billing records to assess exposure. Herein, we report quantitative measurements of mobile-phone power output as a function of phone technology, environmental terrain, and handset design. Radiofrequency (RF) output data were collected using software-modified phones that recorded power control settings, coupled with a mobile system that recorded and analyzed RF fields measured in a phantom head placed in a vehicle. Data collected from three distinct routes (urban, suburban, and rural) were summarized as averages of peak levels and overall averages of RF power output, and were analyzed using analysis of variance methods. Technology was the strongest predictor of RF power output. The older analog technology produced the highest RF levels, whereas CDMA had the lowest, with GSM and TDMA showing similar intermediate levels. We observed generally higher RF power output in rural areas. There was good correlation between average power control settings in the software-modified phones and power measurements in the phantoms. Our findings suggest that phone technology, and to a lesser extent, degree of urbanization, are the two stronger influences on RF power output. Software-modified phones should be useful for improving epidemiologic exposure assessment.

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Assessment of Cellular Telephone and Other Radio Frequency Exposure for Epidemiologic Research

Cited by 87 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

Epidemiological studies of radio frequency exposures and human cancer

The INTERPHONE study: design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population

Measured radiofrequency exposure during various mobile-phone use scenarios

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