Assessment of Cesarean Delivery and Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in the Children of a Population-Based Swedish Birth Cohort

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Recent studies suggest that cesarean delivery (CD) is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, although they were unable to control for indications for CD or familial confounding beyond full siblings. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between CD and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children.

Role of Maternal Microbiota and Nutrition in Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Disorders

“…Cesarean delivery has been linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes, including ASD (33% increased odds) and ADHD (17% increased odds), intellectual disabilities, obsessive compulsive disorder, tic disorders, and eating disorders [ 82 , 83 ]. However, causality has not yet been confirmed, as confounding factors should be taken into account, including familial factors [ 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ], and that emergency C-Section is often the result of pregnancy (e.g., preeclampsia and gestational diabetes) and/or birth (e.g., fetal distress, dystocia, and failed induction) complications, which could also affect brain development. In addition, there is a potential genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and the likelihood of delivery by C-section [ 89 , 90 ].…”

Nuevos conocimientos sobre la salud y enfermedad de la mujer y posibilidades de prevención

“…Se observa que la cesárea se relaciona con la terminación prematura de embarazos, aumento de cesáreas repetidas y aparición de placenta acreta, lo que incrementa la morbimortalidad de madres y perinatos (12) . Un artículo reciente nos alerta sobre el hallazgo de trastornos del desarrollo neurológico y psiquiátrico de los nacidos por cesárea (13) . En el estudio del Instituto Karolinska en más de 130 mil niños nacidos de cesárea planificada o intraparto y seguidos por más de 10 años, al compararlos con 1 millón de nacidos vía vaginal, los nacidos por cesárea tuvieron 10% a 30% mayor posibilidad de trastornos del neurodesarrollo y de inhabilidad intelectual.…”

Associations Between Delivery Modes, Birth Outcomes and Offspring Anxiety Disorders in a Population-Based Birth Cohort of Children and Adolescents

“…Four found that cesarean sections increased the risk for anxiety disorders ( 13 – 16 ). However, the associations with planned and unplanned cesarean sections disappeared in one study when they were adjusted for specific indications for cesarean section ( 13 ). The fifth did not find any associations ( 17 ).…”

“…It is notable that only two studies included childhood anxiety disorders ( 15 , 17 ). In addition, planned and unplanned cesarean sections were only separated in one study ( 13 ). No register studies examined specific anxiety disorders separately.…”