Assessment of changes in physiological and biochemical traits in four pistachio rootstocks under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses

Abstract

In this study, 7-month-old UCB-1, Badami, Ghazvini and Kale-Ghouchi pistachio rootstocks were exposed to control, drought, salinity and drought + salinity environments for 60 d. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents decreased in all cultivars under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses. Under drought and salinity stresses, alone or in combination, Na + and Cl − ions increased in all four pistachio rootstocks, while K + ion decreased only in Ghazvini and Kaleh-Ghouchi cultivars. The enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase increased in all cultivars when subjected to all three stresses with the exception of the ascorbate peroxidase activity in Kale-Ghouchi cultivar during drought stress. Oxidative stress parameters including electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, other aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide increased under all three stress conditions in all genotypes. The content of proline, total free amino acids and total soluble carbohydrates were enhanced under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses, whereas the protein content decreased in all pistachio rootstocks. In all evaluated traits, except for the K + ion content and APX activity, the highest impacts was seen for drought + salinity > salinity > drought stresses, respectively. For the first time, we have proven that K + ion content has a positive correlation with the ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes activities under drought + salinity stress. Finally, based on the bi-plot and cluster analyses, we have selected the UCB-1 > Badami > Ghazvini > Kale-Ghouchi cultivars as the most tolerant pistachio rootstocks under drought + salinity stress, respectively.

Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization contribute to salinity tolerance in Pistacia spp. rootstocks

“…Studies on the effects of salinity on pistachio rootstocks have proposed multiple mechanisms that can contribute to salinity tolerance, such as rootstock ion sequestration, increasing osmolyte concentration in shoot and root, and sodium interception by xylem tissue, (Picchioni et al, 1990;Ferguson et al, 2002;Akbari et al, 2018;Rahneshan et al, 2018;Godfrey et al, 2019;Jamshidi Goharrizi et al, 2020). Sodium exclusion in stem vascular tissue, in combination with sequestration in roots, was postulated to decrease sodium trans-port to the leaves (Godfrey et al, 2019).…”

Effects of salinity stress on proline content and expression ofΔ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthaseandvacuolar-type H+subunit Egenes in wheat

“…Plants have sophisticated signalling networks that can understand environmental pressures such as salinity and drought, and react to them accordingly (Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2019a, b, c, d; 2020a, b). Using the energy produced by hydrolysing cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate (ATP), vacuolar H + -ATPase manages proton stimulus power (PMF) and pumps H + from cytoplasma into vacuole.…”

“…The higher level of ploidy and the complexity of the hexaploid wheat genome have increased its physiological and ecological flexibility in comparison with the tetraploid and diploid ancestors (Dubcovsky and Dvorak, 2007; Feldman et al ., 2012). Environmental stresses such as salinity are one of the most important limiting factors in agricultural production worldwide (Subedi et al ., 2000; Khan et al ., 2017; Ghotbzadeh Kermani et al ., 2019; Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2019a, b, c, d). Plants react to environmental stresses through their morphological, physiological (Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2020a, b) and gene expression changes in all of their organs (Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2019a).…”

“…Ornithine is the other precursor of proline biosynthesis (Verbruggen and Hermans, 2008; Špoljarević et al ., 2011). Furthermore, it has been found that the proline content was higher in tolerant cultivars and under salinity, drought and drought + salinity stresses, than in sensitive cultivars (Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2019a; 2020a, b).…”

“…Abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought (alone or in combination) can change the physiological and biochemical traits, gene expression levels and proteomic profile of plants to a large extent (Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2018; Jamshidi Goharrizi et al ., 2019a, b, c, d; 2020a, b). Elsewhere, in response to moisture stress, the proteomic profile of wheat changed significantly (Nazari et al ., 2020).…”