Assessment of continuous catalyst-free production of ethyl esters from grease trap waste

Trentini, Caroline Portilho; Fonseca, Jhessica M.; Cardozo‐Filho, Lúcio; Reis, Ralpho Rinaldo dos; Sampaio, Sílvio César; Silva, Camila da

doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2018.02.018

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…To determine the composition in fatty acids, the oil was derivatized using the method described by Gonzalez et al () and the profile of the methyl esters obtained was determined from the injection of the samples (1 μl) in Rtx‐Wax capillary column (Shimadzu, 30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm) coupled to gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, GC‐2010 Plus), equipped with flame ionization detector. Chromatographic conditions were described by Trentini et al () and the content of each compound in the sample was determined from Equation (4):

Fatty acids (g per 100 g of oil) = \frac{\sum A - A_{IE}}{A_{IE}} \frac{C_{IE} V_{IE}}{m_{normalo}} \times 100

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment of sunflower oil with β‐carotene from carrots: Maximization and thermodynamic parameters of the β‐carotene extraction and oil characterization

Silva

Iwassa

Marqués

et al. 2020

J Food Process Preserv

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The objective of this study was to maximize the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) of β‐carotene for sunflower oil, by adjusting the combinations of the operational variables: temperature, time, and oil to carrot ratio, as well as obtaining extraction kinetics. Enriched sunflower oil and commercial sunflower oil was characterized. A polynomial model was developed to describe the β‐carotene content as a function of operating parameters and the results indicated that all variables had an influence on the β‐carotene extraction. The maximum values of temperature (55°C), time (60 min), and oil to carrot ratio (30 ml/g) promoted the highest removal of β‐carotene. UAE was endothermic, irreversible, and the increase in temperature favored the viability and spontaneity of the process. The oils presented linoleic and oleic acid as the main fatty acids and the enrichment of sunflower oil did not affect the fatty acid profile and the contents of phytosterols and tocopherols. Practical applications The demand for functional foods and the minimization of synthetic additives have stimulated the application of natural active compounds to products, such as β‐carotene, which is known for its antioxidant properties. To investigate the extraction of β‐carotene, it is important to use efficient technologies that maintain the characteristics of the extract and that overcome the disadvantages of conventional techniques, such as longer extraction time and high solvent consumption. In this context, the enrichment of the sunflower oil with β‐carotene from the ultrasound‐assisted extraction is highlighted. In addition, optimization studies and thermodynamic analysis contribute to the improvement in the process performance, through the systematic selection of the operational variables, and to the understanding of the behavior of the active compound with the interfaces of the extraction, respectively.

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Fatty acids (g per 100 g of oil) = \frac{\sum A - A_{IE}}{A_{IE}} \frac{C_{IE} V_{IE}}{m_{normalo}} \times 100

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment of sunflower oil with β‐carotene from carrots: Maximization and thermodynamic parameters of the β‐carotene extraction and oil characterization

Silva

Iwassa

Marqués

et al. 2020

J Food Process Preserv

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“…To determine the fatty acid composition, the samples were prepared by converting the oil obtained into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by alkaline (methanolic solution of 2 mol/L KOH) and acid (5% v/v H 2 SO 4 ) catalysis, as described in detail by Santos Júnior et al (). The FAME sample obtained was analyzed applying the chromatographic conditions described by Trentini et al () and compounds were identified by comparing the retention times with the FAME mix (C8‐C24) and quantification was based on the percentage of the relative area of each FAME relative to the area of the compounds present in the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunflower oil from enzymatic aqueous extraction process: Maximization of free oil yield and oil characterization

Aquino

Fanhani

Stevanato

et al. 2019

J Food Process Engineering

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In this article, the enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE) of sunflower seed oil was investigated. The effects of the operational variables (temperature, water seed mass ratio, and enzyme concentration) were evaluated in order to define the conditions that maximize the free oil yield (FOY). It was observed that increasing the amounts of water and enzyme in the extraction medium was disadvantageous to the removal of the oil, and that an increase in temperature provided a higher FOY. Thus, a temperature of 60°C, seed:water ratio of 1:5 (g/g), and enzyme concentration of 1% (v/v) were defined as the conditions for maximum FOY (17.76%). The use of a buffered medium under these conditions increased the FOY to 20.34%. The composition of the oils obtained by the EAE under different experimental conditions was determined and compared with the oil obtained from Soxhlet extraction. The oils under study presented high levels of oleic and linoleic acids, which corresponded to ~90% of the composition of fatty acids. It was also noted that, depending on the extraction conditions, the oils obtained by EAE presented phytosterol and tocopherol contents similar or superior to those of the oil produced by Soxhlet extraction. Practical Applications The enzymatic aqueous extraction of sunflower oil has the potential to replace the solvent extraction method. The results reported herein show that the composition of the sunflower oil obtained by the enzymatic method was similar to that of the oil extracted by the solvent method. In addition, the enzymatic method uses mild conditions that reduce the energy required for the process and the residues are free of organic solvent.

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“…[ 30 ] The fatty acids composition was determined from the oil derivatization, according to an adapted version of the methodology described by Santos Júnior et al., [ 31 ] followed by chromatographic analysis, as described by Trentini et al. [ 32 ] The moisture content was determined with a Karl Fischer titrator (ORION‐AF8). The free fatty acids content, iodine value, and saponification index were determined according to the methodologies of the AOCS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Transesterification Reaction of Residual Frying Oil with Pressurized Ethanol Using KF/Clay as Catalyst

Zempulski

Trentini

Milinsk

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The efficiency of a heterogeneous potassium fluoride (KF)/clay catalyst in continuous ester production from residual frying oil using pressurized ethanol is evaluated. Reactions without catalysts are conducted to determine the effect of the catalyst on ester yield. To verify the performance of the catalyst, the reactions are conducted for 3 h with determination of the ester yield every 30 min and characterization of the catalyst after each reaction. The influence of the temperature, catalyst mass used in the catalytic bed, and the residence time are evaluated. KF/clay is found to be efficient in ester synthesis and provides better results compared with non-catalytic reactions and the formation of esters is favored on increasing the temperature. The ester yields remain stable over time at 275 and 300°C but at 225 and 250°C the yields decrease by 48.42% and 38.40%, respectively. This may be due to the lower diffusion coefficient at these temperatures, implying that the reaction occurs preferentially at the catalyst surface. There is an increase in yield with an increase in the catalyst mass up to 2 g. The catalyst maintains its morphological characteristics after the reaction and the average mass loss in each reaction is <8%. Practical Applications: Transesterification at high temperature under pressurized conditions has great potential in biodiesel production, due to the efficiency in obtaining esters in short reaction times. In addition, the use of inexpensive and easily obtained clay-based catalysts contributes to higher yields and allows milder operating conditions. These factors make it possible to obtain biodiesel using a low-cost raw material (residual frying oil), under pressurized conditions, which will be of interest worldwide due to the various benefits linked to its use.

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Assessment of continuous catalyst-free production of ethyl esters from grease trap waste

Cited by 24 publications

References 59 publications

Enrichment of sunflower oil with β‐carotene from carrots: Maximization and thermodynamic parameters of the β‐carotene extraction and oil characterization

Enrichment of sunflower oil with β‐carotene from carrots: Maximization and thermodynamic parameters of the β‐carotene extraction and oil characterization

Sunflower oil from enzymatic aqueous extraction process: Maximization of free oil yield and oil characterization

Continuous Transesterification Reaction of Residual Frying Oil with Pressurized Ethanol Using KF/Clay as Catalyst

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