Assessment of depth of case-hardening in steel rods by electromagnetic methods

Zhang, Chongxue

doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1089

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Figure 14 [31] first appeared in the thesis of Chongxue Zhang and the author acknowledges her assistance in finding some of the articles cited here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Several sources of uncertainty are associated with this simplified approach, and these are discussed in detail in [14].) This approach has been adopted in [11], in which the optimal arrangement of probe pins for evaluating D in a cylindrical steel rod from dc PD measurements is 22), taken on a set of induction-hardened 4140 steel rods of 25 mm diameter hardened to 50 HRC at 0.8, 1.3, 2.2 and 2.9 mm with corresponding mid-hardness points 0.9, 1.4, 2.3 and 3.3 mm, respectively [31]. (This figure is in colour only in the electronic version) investigated by means of calculations made using a finiteelement method.…”

Section: Application Of Four-point Nde To Determine the Depth Of Case...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of a four-point probe overcomes this practical limitation and is the subject of ongoing research. Experimental data of normalized impedance, Z norm , taken on a set of 25 mm diameter inductionhardened 4140 steel rods hardened to 50 HRC at 0.8, 1.3, 2.2 and 2.9 mm are presented in figure 14 [31].…”

Section: Application Of Four-point Nde To Determine the Depth Of Case...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 14. Experimental data Z norm , equation (22), taken on a set of induction-hardened 4140 steel rods of 25 mm diameter hardened to 50 HRC at 0.8, 1.3, 2.2 and 2.9 mm with corresponding mid-hardness points 0.9, 1.4, 2.3 and 3.3 mm, respectively[31]. (This figure is in colour only in the electronic version)…”

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Four-point potential drop measurements for materials characterization

Bowler

2010

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The technique of measuring the voltage difference (potential drop) between two of the four electrodes of a four-point probe, in order to determine conductivity or surface resistivity of a test piece, is well established in the direct-current (dc) or quasi-dc regime. The technique finds wide usage in the semiconductor industry for the purpose of measuring surface resistivity of semiconductors, and also in the measurement of conductivity of metals, particularly of ferromagnetic metals for which conductivity cannot be easily measured using eddy-current nondestructive evaluation (NDE). In these applications, the conductivity of the test piece is deduced from an analytic formula that depends on the geometry of the probe and test piece. Such a formula requires, as an input, the measured value of the potential drop. Several analytical expressions exist for a variety of test-piece geometries and probe arrangements. Recently, it has been shown that broadband measurements of the potential drop, known as 'alternating current potential drop' (ac PD) measurements, can be used not only to obtain the conductivity of a test piece, but also its linear permeability μ. The beauty of this measurement is that the two parameters are completely decoupled in the quasi-static regime. In fact, μ does not appear in the quasi-static expression for σ . Hence, σ may be obtained from low-frequency ac PD measurements and then μ may be deduced as the frequency increases beyond the quasi-static regime, once σ is known. In this review, both dc and ac solutions that are useful in determining the conductivity of metals and semiconductors, and the permeability of ferromagnetic conductors, are summarized. In particular, flat test pieces with arbitrary thickness are considered. At the next level of complexity, a solution for a half-space coated with a surface layer is given, along with a discussion of the use of the four-point potential drop method for determining thickness of a surface layer, such as exists as the result of a surface-hardening process. Recent literature on the topic of surface crack sizing using dc and ac PD is briefly summarized and simple formulas for determining the depth of a long surface crack from ac PD measurements are given. The review also includes four-point potential drop data measured on surface-hardened steel rods and points toward how those data may be used to determine the depth of surface hardening.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Four-point Nde To Determine the Depth Of Case...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of Four-point Nde To Determine the Depth Of Case...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Four-point potential drop measurements for materials characterization

Bowler

2010

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Effect of Surface Hardening Technique and Case Depth on Rolling Contact Fatigue Behavior of Alloy Steels

Xie

Palmer²,

Otto³

et al. 2014

Tribology Transactions

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Surface hardening techniques are widely used to improve the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) resistance of materials. This study investigated the RCF resistance of hardened, ground steel rods made from three different aircraft-quality alloy steels (AISI 8620, 9310, and 4140) and hardened using different techniques (atmosphere carburizing, vacuum carburizing, and induction hardening) at different case depths. The RCF life of the rods was determined using a three ball-on-rod rolling contact fatigue test machine. After testing, the microstructures of the rods were examined using metallographic techniques. The stress distributions and plastic deformation zones for the specimens under RCF were calculated using an elastoplastic model for plastically graded materials. Relationships between surface hardness, case depth, and RCF life were investigated. The longest lives were observed for the vacuum-carburized AISI 9310 specimens, and the shortest lives were observed for the induction-hardened AISI 4140 specimens. It is concluded that the most important factors in determining the RCF lives of high-cleanliness surface-hardened alloy steels are (1) the hardness in the region of highest octahedral shear stress (in this case, ∼0.13 mm beneath the surface) and (2) the depth of high hardness (>613 HV), which determines the plastic deformation zone size.

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Improving surface hardness of AISI 1045 steels using melamine derived from urea

Fisha

2024

Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering

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Assessment of depth of case-hardening in steel rods by electromagnetic methods

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Four-point potential drop measurements for materials characterization

Four-point potential drop measurements for materials characterization

Effect of Surface Hardening Technique and Case Depth on Rolling Contact Fatigue Behavior of Alloy Steels

Improving surface hardness of AISI 1045 steels using melamine derived from urea

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