“…Phenological events are often estimated using an empirical model because of limited data on observed phenology, and many models have been developed to estimate phenological development in crops e.g., Horie and Nakagawa, 1990, Nakagawa and Horie, 1995and Yin et al, 1997Weir et al, 1984, Maruyama et al, 2010and Kawakita et al, 2020Williams et al, 1985, Caffarra and Eccel, 2010and Sugiura et al, 2019 in grapes . Conventional phenological models of budburst, leafout, and flowering, which are required for the assessment of frost risk, are mainly divided into two types: one-phase models e.g., Cannell and Smith, 1983;Chuine and Cour, 1999 , considering the ecodormancy processes affected by forcing temperatures in spring, and two-phase models e.g., Richardson et al, 1974;Chuine, 2000 , which consider endodormancy processes affected by chilling temperatures from autumn to winter as well as the ecodormancy processes.…”