Assessment of Diarrhea and Its Associated Factors in Under-Five Children among Open Defecation and Open Defecation-Free Rural Settings of Dangla District, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Open defecation (OD) is a widespread problem in the developing world. This practice facilitates the transmission of diarrheal diseases. In Ethiopia, still the national open defecation rate in 2014 was 34.1% (37.9% in rural and 8.7% in urban). Objective To assess diarrheal morbidity in under-five children and its associated factors in Dangla district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016. Methods A community-based comparative cross-sectional study design with a multistage random sampling technique was applied. The total sample size was 550 (275 ODF and 275 OD). Descriptive and inferential statistics were done. Results A total of 525 participants were interviewed making the response rate 95.45%. The prevalence of diarrhea was 9.9% in ODF and 36.1% in OD kebeles. In ODF kebeles, child immunization (AOR = 0.037; 95% CI: 0.006–0.243), latrine presence (AOR = 0.036; 0.006–0.233), water shortage (AOR = 8.756; 95% CI: 1.130–67.831), and solid waste disposal (AOR = 0.143; 95% CI: 0.020–0.998) have statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence. While in OD kebeles child immunization (AOR = 0.032; 95 CI: 0.008–0.123), water access of 7.5–15 liters/day (AOR = 0.029; 95% CI: 0.006–0.152), water shortage (AOR = 18.478; 95% CI: 4.692–72.760), and proper solid waste disposal (AOR = 0.023; 95% CI: 0.005–0.117) have significant association with diarrhea occurrence. Conclusions The overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea was low in ODF kebeles as compared with OD kebeles. The study showed that child immunization, latrine presence, water shortage in household, and solid waste disposal practices had statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in ODF kebeles, while water access at the individual level, water shortage in household, child immunization, and solid waste disposal have statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in OD kebeles. Integrated efforts are needed from the Ministry of Health together with line ministries and developmental partners in improving latrine utilization at household level, water shortage in households, and solid waste disposal practices.

Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

“…However, children living with mothers/caregivers who were drawing drinking water from the storage container by pouring were less likely to develop childhood diarrhea compared to those drawing by dipping their finger with a can. Unlike previous studies [45][46][47], children living with mothers/caregivers who treat water to make safe were more likely to develop diarrhea than children who were living with mothers/caregivers who didn't treat their drinking water. This might be they didn't properly treat the water, or unsafe handling practices of mothers/caregivers may increase risk of microbial contamination of treated water.…”

Peran Lingkungan Dan Individu Terhadap Masalah Diare Di Pulau Jawa Dan Bali

“…Hasil penelitian di beberapa negara juga telah membuktikan bahwa penggunaan jamban mempunyai dampak yang besar dalam penurunan risiko penyakit diare (Kemenkes RI, 2011). Penelitian tentang kejadian diare pada anak balita di wilayah OD dan ODF di Ethiopia dan Kenya menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi diare di wilayah OD lebih tinggi dibandingkan wilayah ODF (Njuguna, 2016;Ayalew et al, 2018). Ini membuktikan bahwa kebiasaan buang air besar di jamban dapat menurunkan risiko penyebaran penyakit diare di masyarakat.…”

Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review

“…Similar studies in Ethiopia also confirmed that the prevalence of under-five childhood diarrheal disease ranges from 9.9 to 17.2% in ODF villages and ranging from 23.2 to 36.3% in OD villages. Based on the WHO estimates, diarrhea contributes to more than one in every ten (13%) child deaths in Ethiopia [ 6 , 13 – 15 ]. Moreover, open defecation also contributes significantly to the prevalence of neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia, including intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.…”