Assessment of Different Types of Strabismus Among Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Jeddah

Qanat, Ahmed S.; Alsuheili, Abdullah Z; Alzahrani, Abdulkarim; Faydhi, Abdulrahman A; Albadri, Abdulhadi; Alhibshi, Nizar

doi:10.7759/cureus.11978

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…After adjustment of the female numbers to take into account the unequal sex ratio in the general population, there were 78 442 males and 85 732 females [ 1 - 9 , 11 - 13 , 18 - 21 , 99 - 126 , 128 - 136 , 138 , 139 , 141 - 203 , 207 - 230 ]. Among the clinic-based studies, 40 studies detailed gender information for esotropia (4983 males and 5526 females, adjusted for the sex ratio) [ 4 , 12 , 13 , 20 , 99 , 101 , 104 - 107 , 111 , 115 , 119 , 122 , 132 , 133 , 136 , 139 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 150 , 154 , 160 , 163 , 164 , 167 , 174 , 176 , 180 , 187 , 198 , 200 , 209 , 211 , 213 , 219 - 221 , 229 ], and 51 studies detailed gender information for exotropia (4056 males and 5122 females, adjusted for the sex ratio) [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 19 - 21 , 99 , 104 - 107 , 111 , 112 , 115 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Laughton,

Hagen,

Yang

et al. 2023

J Glob Health

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Background Strabismus is a misalignment of the visual axis that affects 2-3% of the population and can lead to loss of binocular vision. It is currently controversial whether there is a gender difference in the most common form of visual misalignment: horizontal strabismus. Some studies claimed that more females than males have an outward deviation (exotropia), while others concluded that there is no significant gender difference. No previous work has systematically explored gender differences in horizontal strabismus or has compared the results of population-based studies with those of clinic-based studies. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of horizontal strabismus. We included 73 population-based studies and compared their disclosed gender population with that in 141 comparable clinical-based studies. We analysed the data according to gender, strabismus type (esotropia, exotropia), and geographic region/ethnicity. Results Summary statistics showed a nearly identical prevalence of horizontal strabismus (2.558% for males, 2.582% for females), esotropia (1.386% males vs. 1.377% females), and of exotropia (1.035% males vs. 1.043% females). Meta-analysis results showed that these differences between males and females were not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-1.10), but that females were significantly more frequent (by 7.50%) in clinic-based studies than males, with 5.00% more females for esotropia, and 12.20% more females for exotropia when adjusted for the population’s sex ratio. The extent of the female gender bias differed between geographic regions/societies, with Asians having the lowest bias towards females and Latin American countries having the strongest bias. Conclusions Males and females have the same prevalence of horizontal strabismus, including exotropia. Females with strabismus seek health care or are brought to clinics significantly more often than males. This is an example of gender bias in health care in favour of females rather than males, apparently because parents – erroneously fearing only cosmetic consequences – are more concerned about strabismus in their daughters than their sons. Societal attitudes towards females, as well as economic factors (insurance status), appear to be relevant factors that determine the magnitude of the gender bias in horizontal strabismus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Laughton,

Hagen,

Yang

et al. 2023

J Glob Health

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“…23 Apart from this, Qanat et al reported that the estimated prevalence of strabismus with paediatric ocular illness subjects was 11.8% in Saudi Arabia. 24 From these studies, 17,22,23,24 it can be observed that the risk factors that cause amblyopia in Saudi Arabia children are very high and possibly could be because of two factors. Firstly, Saudi Arabia's absence of effective nationwide vision screening programmes for youngsters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of amblyopia among the children of Saudi Arabia: A systematic review, 1990–2020

Challa

2022

Afr. vis. eye health

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Background: Amblyopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in children and as such poses a public health problem. Prevalence studies are required to determine the magnitude of visual impairment because of amblyopia. Although there are studies that reported the prevalence of amblyopia in some regions, there are no studies of pooled prevalence of amblyopia in Saudi Arabia. Structured and province-specific studies for Saudi Arabia are thus needed to understand the prevalence and risk factors for amblyopia.Aim: To use a literature review to estimate the pooled prevalence of amblyopia among children of Saudi Arabia.Methods: Peer-reviewed articles with data from Saudi Arabian children were extracted between the years 1990 and 2020. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, OVIS, Embase and Google Scholar were used to extract the relevant articles. The paper quality was assessed using a critical assessment tool designed for systematic reviews and from 22 retrieved citations, seven studies were included in this systematic review.Results: Out of 15 281 pooled children from seven papers, the estimated prevalence of amblyopia was 2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1% – 2.6%). Significant heterogeneity (p 0.001) was found among these studies.Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of amblyopia among children of Saudi Arabia is approximately 2.3%. This systemic review also demonstrates that there are limited studies that evaluated the prevalence of amblyopia among children of Saudi Arabia and mostly they had a gender bias.Contribution: This article presents the prevalence of amblyopia among the children of Saudi Arabia and also the variances in the prevalence of amblyopia among the various regions of Saudi Arabia.

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“…In another study conducted in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, among 4886 strabismic patients who had surgery, the most prevalent type of strabismus was esotropia, accounting for 69.3%, whereas exotropia accounts for 26.9% [ 5 ]. In Jeddah, the most prevalent type of strabismus was esotropia, accounting for 63%, while 34.2% had exotropia and 1.4% had dissociated vertical deviation, and 82.8% of patients had bilateral strabismus [ 6 ]. In another study done in Jazan among 385 participants, the prevalence of strabismus was 36.9% [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Parents of Strabismic Children in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Alobaisi¹,

Alromaih²,

Aljulayfi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundStrabismus is a reversible condition that must be identified and treated during the critical period of childhood. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice among parents of strabismic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. MethodTo this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to November 2021 with a sample size of 424 parents of children with strabismus seeking ophthalmologic consultants in private and governmental ophthalmology clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire contains knowledge-related questions about strabismus, beliefs-related questions, questions addressing the barriers parents face regarding strabismus in a child, and sources of information about cross-eye and its management. Data were analysed using the SPSS database version 21 (IBM Corp.,

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Assessment of Different Types of Strabismus Among Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Jeddah

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Prevalence of amblyopia among the children of Saudi Arabia: A systematic review, 1990–2020

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Among Parents of Strabismic Children in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

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