Assessment of early renal damage in diabetic rhesus monkeys

Abstract

The objectives of the study were to improve the model system of diabetic nephropathy in nonhuman primates and assess the early renal damage. Diabetes was induced in monkeys by streptozotocin, and the animals were administered exogenous insulin to control blood glucose (BG). Animals were divided into four groups, including the normal group (N = 3), group A (streptozotocin diabetic model with control of BG < 10 mmol/L, N = 3), group B (streptozotocin diabetic model with control of BG between 15 and 20 mmol/L, N = 4), and group C (streptozotocin diabetic model with control of BG between 15 and 20 mmol/L and high-sodium and high-fat diet, N = 4). The following parameters were evaluated: (1) blood biochemistry and routine urinalysis, (2) color Doppler ultrasound, (3) angiography, (4) renal biopsy, and (5) renal fibrosis-related gene expression levels. Animals in group C developed progressive histologic changes with typical diabetic nephropathy resembling diabetic nephropathy in human patients and exhibited accelerated development of diabetic nephropathy compared with other nonhuman primate models. Significant changes in the expression of the Smad2/3 gene and eNOS in renal tissue were also observed in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. In conclusion, our model is an excellent model of diabetic nephropathy for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.

Favorable modulation in neurotransmitters: Effects of chronic anterior thalamic nuclei stimulation observed in epileptic monkeys

“…This dilemma originates from the strict restrictions on the experimental use of primates. Nevertheless, considering that certain previous studies have been performed with even smaller numbers of primates (Burrows et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014), our results should also be deemed significant. This study is further limited by its use of microdialysis.…”

Metabonomics revealed xanthine oxidase-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy

“…Renal sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in graded ethanols, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid-schiff (PAS). Renal injury was assessed by morphometric analysis, and the glomerular and tubular injury index were calculated as previously reported [16]. For immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, sections were blocked with 1% BSA, and incubated with diluted primary antibodies including rabbit anti-xanthine oxidase (Santa Cruz, USA), rabbit anti-IL-1β (Bioworld, USA) and rabbit anti-CD68 (Santa Cruz, USA), then incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (DAKO, USA), and finally stained with DAB substrate and hematoxylin.…”

Ultrahigh-Magnitude Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan on Rhesus Monkeys With Implanted Deep Brain Stimulation Hardware

“…The required input of patient weight was entered as 50 kg so that the total RF power would be close to that experienced by a 50‐kg person in actual scans. The scanner‐displayed coil average specific absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated from the entered patient weight and scan sequences based on the modeling algorithms, as mentioned in previous studies . Therefore, the predicted SAR should be the whole‐head average SAR expected for a human weighing 50 kg rather than 12–15 kg.…”

“…Furthermore, we questioned whether it is possible that the static magnetic field and the RF pulse frequency are minor factors in the issue. To elucidate these questions, we previously performed an experiment using New Zealand rabbits that underwent 7.0 T, 3.0 T, or 1.5 T MRI scanning and found no significant heating injury surrounding the DBS electrodes under different MRI field intensities . We sought to provide further valuable insight by repeating these experiments on large non‐human primates.…”