Assessment of efficiency of mirror therapy in preventing phantom limb pain in patients undergoing below-knee amputation surgery—a randomized clinical trial

Graded motor imagery and its phases for individuals with phantom limb pain following amputation: A scoping review

“…In 84% of works, no information about the race or ethnicity of participants was reported. [28][29][30][31][32][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]50,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][63][64][65][67][68][69][71][72][73][74][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88] Some works included participants within a narrow age range (e.g. 20-30 years old…”

“…Fifty-six works (92%) used only one of the phases of graded motor imagery, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]74,[76][77][78][79][80][82][83][84][85]87,89 and only two works (3%) used all three graded motor imagery phases. 36,86 Figure 5 summarizes the number of works using each phase.…”

“…36,86 Figure 5 summarizes the number of works using each phase. Most works (84%) used the mirror therapy phase of graded motor imagery, with 75% using traditional mirror therapy 28,29,31,[33][34][35][36][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]49,50,52,53,56,57,59,[63][64][65][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] and 11% using virtual reality as mirror therapy. 47,…”

“…Positive results through a reduction in phantom limb pain after graded motor imagery intervention were reported in 89% of works. 29,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45][46]48,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]62,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]…”

“…28,29 Of the works reporting the sex or gender of participants (85%), there were combined totals of 772 male and 257 female participants. 28–80 In 84% of works, no information about the race or ethnicity of participants was reported. 28–32,35…”