Assessment of Elbow Torque and Other Parameters During the Pitching Motion: Comparison of Fastball, Curveball, and Change-up

Makhni, Eric C.; Lizzio, Vincent A.; Meta, Fabien; Stephens, Jeffrey P.; Okoroha, Kelechi R.; Moutzouros, Vasilios

doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.09.045

Cited by 68 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Body height, humerus and radius length were significantly different between groups. Based on those moderate3 19 21 25 29–31 and low14 risk of bias studies, it seems that BW and age are positively correlated with ball velocity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on low28 and moderate3 29 risk of bias studies, jump tests seem to be consistently associated with ball velocity. Seven studies3 14 19 21 29–31 investigated the association between individual characteristics and ball velocity. Four of these studies3 14 19 31 found body weight (BW) to be a factor associated with ball velocity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven studies3 14 19 21 29–31 investigated the association between individual characteristics and ball velocity. Four of these studies3 14 19 31 found body weight (BW) to be a factor associated with ball velocity. One study21 showed that height was a factor associated with ball velocity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Individual factors associated with baseball pitching performance: scoping review

Mercier

Tremblay

Daneau

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundBall velocity, accuracy and game statistics represent three methods used to measure pitching performance. However, individual determinants of pitching performance are more elusive.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to classify the performance factors associated with baseball pitchers, to identify the methods used to quantify their abilities through all features of the game and to document relationships between performance factors and indicators.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesElectronic searches of MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, SportDiscus, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane and of grey literature were undertaken from inception to January 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesCross-sectional studies that investigated the relationship between performance indicators and individual performance factors in healthy baseball pitchers were selected.ResultsThirty-four cross-sectional studies investigating individual potential factors of pitching performance met the inclusion criteria. The primary performance factors investigated were kinematic, kinetic, timing outcomes, personal characteristics, physical tests and range of motion. Shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA), upper torso forward flexion, maximal shoulder external rotation, upper torso rotation angle, upper torso lateral flexion, lead knee flexion (LKF) and forward trunk tilt (FTT) were identified as key kinematic features associated with increased ball velocity. Shoulder proximal force and peak elbow proximal forces were associated with greater ball velocity. Individual performances in jumping tests and body weight (BW) are also associated with pitching performance.Summary/conclusionBased on studies presenting low and moderate risk of bias, we conclude that BW, age and kinematics, such as FTT, LKF, SHA and lateral trunk tilt, are associated with pitching performance.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Individual factors associated with baseball pitching performance: scoping review

Mercier

Tremblay

Daneau

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Few action recognition studies were focused mainly on the field of baseball, and in these studies, the motion involved during pitching is evaluated. For instance, Okoroha et al conducted a study to assess predictors of torque across the medial elbow in youth and adolescent pitchers with a mobile sensor [2] and Makhni et al carried out a study to determine the differences in torque across pitch types and thrower demographic characteristics [20]. The relationship between elbow varus torque and arm slot and arm rotation in professional baseball pitchers was studied by Camp et al [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time Wearable Assist System for Upper Extremity Throwing Action Based on Accelerometers

Lian

Hsu

Balram

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper focuses on the development of a real-time wearable assist system for upper extremity throwing action based on the accelerometers of inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. This real-time assist system can be utilized to the learning, rectification, and rehabilitation for the upper extremity throwing action of players in the field of baseball, where incorrect throwing phases are recognized by a delicate action analysis. The throwing action includes not only the posture characteristics of each phase, but also the transition of continuous posture movements, which is more complex when compared to general action recognition with no continuous phase change. In this work, we have considered six serial phases including wind-up, stride, arm cocking, arm acceleration, arm deceleration, and follow-through in the throwing action recognition process. The continuous movement of each phase of the throwing action is represented by a one-dimensional data sequence after the three-axial acceleration signals are processed by efficient noise filtering based on Kalman filter followed by conversion processes such as leveling and labeling techniques. The longest common subsequence (LCS) method is then used to determine the six serial phases of the throwing action by verifying the sequence data with a sample sequence. We have incorporated various intelligent action recognition functions including automatic recognition for getting ready status, starting movement, handle interrupt situation, and detailed posture transition in the proposed assist system. Moreover, a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and mobile interface are incorporated into the developed assist system to make it more user-friendly. The real-time system provides precise comments to assist players to attain improved throwing action by analyzing their posture during throwing action. Various experiments were conducted to analyze the efficiency and practicality of the developed assist system as part of this work. We have obtained an average percentage accuracy of 95.14%, 91.42%, and 95.14%, respectively, for all the three users considered in this study. We were able to successfully recognize the throwing action with good precision and the high percentage accuracy exhibited by the proposed assist system indicates its excellent performance.Sensors 2020, 20, 1344 4 of 18 embedded system, and a device holster. The user can replace the battery in the future if it gets drained and also easily adjust the learning mode accordingly.

show abstract

“…Correlation coefficients ('r' values) between measurements with the 2 systems were found to be "good to excellent" for all measurements, though no supplemental data were provided. A subsequent study used the MotusBASEBALL unit to look at elbow torque and other parameters in pitchers throwing fastballs and off-speed pitches, but did not provide an attempt at possible validation (Makhni et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "Exploring wearable sensors as an alternative to marker-based motion capture in the pitching delivery (v0.1)"

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. Improvements in data processing, increased understanding of the biomechanical background behind kinetics and kinematics, and technological advancements in Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors have enabled high precision in the measurement of joint angles and acceleration on human subjects. This has resulted in new devices that reportedly measure joint angles, arm speed, and stresses to the pitching arms of baseball players. This study seeks to validate one such sensor, the MotusBASEBALL unit, with a marker-based motion capture laboratory. Hypothesis. We hypothesize that the joint angle measurements ("Arm Slot" and "Shoulder Rotation") of the MotusBASEBALL device will hold a statistically significant level of reliability and accuracy, but that the "Arm Speed" and "Stress" metrics will not be accurate due to limitations in IMU technology. Methods. 10 healthy subjects threw 5-7 fastballs followed by 5-7 breaking pitches (slider or curveball) in the motion capture lab. Subjects wore retroreflective markers and the MotusBASEBALL sensor simultaneously. Results.

show abstract

Assessment of Elbow Torque and Other Parameters During the Pitching Motion: Comparison of Fastball, Curveball, and Change-up

Cited by 68 publications

References 21 publications

Individual factors associated with baseball pitching performance: scoping review

Individual factors associated with baseball pitching performance: scoping review

A Real-Time Wearable Assist System for Upper Extremity Throwing Action Based on Accelerometers

Peer Review #2 of "Exploring wearable sensors as an alternative to marker-based motion capture in the pitching delivery (v0.1)"

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About