Assessment of electric vehicles concerning impacts, charging infrastructure with unidirectional and bidirectional chargers, and power flow comparisons

Abstract

Summary The advancement and deployment of electric vehicle (EV) technologies are considered as an emergent solution to meet the current and future energy crises. The electrification of transportation systems is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper investigates the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of EV infrastructure, charging power levels, in conjunction with several charging power topologies, and analyzes EV impacts and prospects in society. In this study, the on‐board and off‐board categories of charging systems with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow comparison are addressed. Moreover, an extensive analysis of unidirectional and bidirectional chargers is presented. Unidirectional charging offers hardware limitation and reduces the interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging provides the fundamental feature of vehicle‐to‐grid technology. Furthermore, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized with remedial measures for harmful impacts and prolific benefits for beneficial impacts.

Risk Evaluation of Distribution Networks Considering Residential Load Forecasting with Stochastic Modeling of Electric Vehicles

“…The standard defines charging power levels, which have certain ranges according to voltage and current levels as described in Table . However, in this study, charging level 1 with 120 Vac, 20 A, and 1.9 kW (voltage, current, and power ratings) and charging power level 2 with 240 Vac, 30 A, and 7.2 kW (voltage, current, and power ratings) are used for determining the charging demands of EVs in residential area …”

“…EV transport market is growing rapidly due to widespread adoption; therefore, many car manufacturing companies are entering into competition by introducing their EV models with different characteristics. To be more realistic, this work considers five different EV models to perform EV impact analysis on RDNs as described in Table . For analysis purpose, EV percentage is considered according to EV sales trend in the transportation market as mentioned in Table .…”

“…The transport sector is one of the major contributor toward carbon emissions . Electrifying the transport sector with power networks is an evolving approach with the ultimate objective of a green transport system having efficient fuel economy and lesser CO 2 emissions . Advancements in electric vehicle (EV) technologies are attractive measures to achieve higher targets in green energy environment …”

“…This leads to massive integration of EVs into RDNs. Currently, the EV charging technology permits level 1 and level 2 charging at domestic locations . Home‐based EV charging is more convenient for customers; however, massive EV penetrations compel higher demands to the conventional infrastructure of RDNs.…”

“…This will determine necessary upgrade requirements needed to restore reliability profile of RDNs. Such studies are necessary for future planning of RDNs in view of substantial issues raised from immense EV integration …”