Assessment of environmental and engineering geological problems for the possible re-use of an abandoned rock-hewn settlement in Urgüp (Cappadocia), Turkey

Ulusay, Reşat; Gökçeoğlu, Candan; Topal, Tamer; Sönmez, H.; Tuncay, Ergün; Ergüler, Zeynal Abiddin; Kasmer, Ozgu

doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0222-4

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A number of persons at the meetings and in later writing described examples of Anthropic Rocks that they had encountered in their professional activities. Earlier, Underwood had seen in Cappadocia (Turkey) the impressive dwellings and storehouse and warehouses as well as churches carved out of erosional pinnacles of volcanic rock, relatively soft beneath a harder weathered outer surface (Ulusay et al, 2006). In western Iran, high up on the massive Behistun Cliff, inscriptions in three ancient scripts describe Darius the Great receiving tribute from his conquered adversaries, provided the key to unraveling cuneiform, one of the old scripts.…”

Section: Range Of Familiar Essential Artificial Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Cathcart¹

2011

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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Abstract. Stone tool-making is a reductive process. Synthetic rock manufacturing, preeminently an additive process, will not for-ever be confined to only the Earth-biosphere. This brief focuses on humanity's ancient past, hodiernal and possible future even more massive than present-day creation of artificial rocks within our exploitable Solar System. It is mostly Earth-centric account that expands the factual generalities underlying the unique non-copyrighted systemic technogenic rock classification first publicly presented (to the American Geological Society) during 2001, by its sole intellectual innovator, James Ross Underwood, Jr. His pioneering, unique exposition of an organization of this ever-increasingly important aspect of the Anthropic Rock story, spatially expansive material lithification, here is given an amplified discussion for the broader geo and space science social group-purpose of encouragement of a completer 21st Century treatment of Underwood's explicative subject-chart (Fig. 2).

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Section: Range Of Familiar Essential Artificial Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Cathcart¹

2011

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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“…Engineering geological problems of the Cappadocia region were investigated by many researchers (Doyuran 1976;Topal and Doyuran 1997;Aydan et al 2007;Ulusay et al 2006;Tunusluoglu and Zorlu 2009;Tuncay 2009;Zorlu et al 2011). According to these studies, the major geological problems of Cappadocia include the possible failure of roofs of caves and rockfalls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Other examples of cultural heritage in tuffs and ignimbrites include some of the Buddha statues in Japan (e.g., Heiwa-Kannon statue, Oguchi and Yuasa 2010), the Moai statue in the Easter Islands (Gioncada et al 2010), the Macusani rock art site in Peru (Hostnig 2008), the underground cities of Vardzia in Georgia (Tutberidze and Tsutsunava 2015;Margottini et al 2015) and Kandovan in Iran (Kaljahi and Birami 2015), and the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia (Delmonaco et al 2005;Renzulli et al 2011). In Turkey, apart a few exceptions (Binal and Ercanoglu 2010;Topal et al 2007Topal et al , 2012, the majority of engineering geological studies on instabilities at the heritage sites are concentrated in Cappadocia (Doyuran 1976;Aydan et al 2007;Ulusay et al 2006;Tunusluoglu and Zorlu 2009;Tuncay 2009;Zorlu et al 2011;Kaşmer et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Rockfall hazard has been studied in Cappadocia (Ulusay et al 2006;Tunusluoglu and Zorlu 2009;Zorlu et al 2011) by using two-dimensional rockfall simulations, thus neglecting the convergence and divergence of trajectories and the lateral spreading of the blocks during propagation (Frattini et al 2012) with a possible under or overestimation of the hazard at the various localities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rockfall at the heritage site of the Tatlarin Underground City (Cappadocia, Turkey)

et al. 2016

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Cappadocia is one of the most important natural, historical and cultural heritages of Turkey. The region is seriously threatened by different instability problems, and several locations were accordingly closed to visit, mainly because of rockfalls. The aim of current study is to investigate the rockfall hazard potential near the Tatlarin Underground City. For this purpose, an extensive engineering geological investigation was performed and complemented with a set of rockfall simulations performed by means of the 3D numerical model HY-STONE. The investigation included: (1) mapping of the lithological units (tuffs and overlying basalts, talus deposits) and of unstable blocks along the cliff; (2) rock mass geomechanics and kinematic analysis of block stability; and (3) laboratory testing of tuff and basalt. These allowed to show that the instabilities are mainly controlled by different durability of tuffs and basalts. The weakness of tuffs facilitates a progressive undercutting of the basalt layer, the opening of subvertical joints and the consequent movement of large basaltic blocks. Two future potential rockfall scenarios have been produced by 3D rockfall modelling for hazard zonation and for suggesting risk management strategies. Model parameters were calibrated by back-analysis of both historical events and field tests. Different sets of parameters have been calibrated for different release volumes to consider different degrees of interaction with slope material of different size. The effect of roughness of the topography was investigated in terms of trajectories and lateral dispersion of blocks and its consequences on hazard zonation and risk management actions.

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“…However, driven by the demand of city building in mountainous areas, research on rockfall attracts more and more attention of domestic and foreign scholars [8,9]. What is more, an increasing number of highway construction projects need the assessment of rockfall hazard to ensure people's lives and property security [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Potential Rockfalls on a Highway at High Slopes in Cold-Arid Areas (Northwest Xinjiang, China)

Yang

Shang

et al. 2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:In the steep mountainous areas in northwest Xinjiang, where rock mass is broken seriously due to intense freeze thaw weathering, rockfall is one of the most common geological hazards on highway high slopes. Engineering geological investigations on geological hazards along a segment of the G219 highway was conducted, indicating that rockfalls on the high slopes threaten the safety of vehicles on the highway seriously. In this study, a combination of field investigations, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation methods was performed to identify unstable high slopes, simulate the rockfall trajectories and assess the rockfall hazard in the study area. The results show that there are five high slopes (i.e., W01, W02, . . . , W05) where rockfall hazard is extremely serious. Considering both the total kinetic energy and the accumulation rate of blocks, rockfall influence area zonation was performed, leading to the conclusions that the sections of highway on W01 to W05 are located at the medium-intensity low-accumulation zone, high-intensity medium-accumulation zone, high-intensity low-accumulation zone, high-intensity low-accumulation zone and medium-intensity high-accumulation zone, respectively. Based on the analysis, a zonation map was accomplished, which could help engineers select effective mitigation measures against rockfalls to avoid casualty and property losses.

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Assessment of environmental and engineering geological problems for the possible re-use of an abandoned rock-hewn settlement in Urgüp (Cappadocia), Turkey

Cited by 58 publications

References 15 publications

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Rockfall at the heritage site of the Tatlarin Underground City (Cappadocia, Turkey)

Analysis of Potential Rockfalls on a Highway at High Slopes in Cold-Arid Areas (Northwest Xinjiang, China)

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