Assessment of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in the Eastern Sudan

Omar, Saeed M.; Musa, Imad R.; Osman, Osman E.; Adam, Ishag

doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3480-9

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The reported proportions are comparable to those reported in similar studies (cross-sectional in nature) from several countries in SSA-80% in Ethiopia [20], 73.52% in Uganda [14], 69.5% in Kenya [21], and 71.9% in Sudan [22]. In general, and the use of disparate HbA1c cut-offs notwithstanding, these values are patently inferior to those reported in some developed countries: 38% in USA [23] and 43.4% in Korea [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Achila

Ghebretinsae

Kidane

et al. 2020

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Objective. There is a dearth of relevant research on the rapidly evolving epidemic of diabetes mellitus (particularly Type 2 diabetes mellitus) in sub-Saharan Africa. To address some of these issues in the Eritrean context, we conducted a cross-sectional study on glycemic and lipid profiles and associated risk factors. Methods. A total of 309 patients with diabetes mellitus on regular follow-up at the Diabetic and Hypertensive Department at Halibet Regional Referral Hospital, Asmara, were enrolled for the study. Data on specific clinical chemistry and anthropomorphic parameters was collected. Chi-squared (χ2) test or Fischer’s exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between specific variables. Multivariate logistic regression (backward: conditional) was undertaken to identify the factors associated with increased odds of suboptimal values in glucose and specific lipid panel subfractions. Results. High proportions of patients (76.7%) had suboptimal levels of HbA1c with a mean±SD of 8.6%±1.36, respectively. In multivariate regression analysis, the likelihood of HbA1c≥7% was higher in patients with abnormal WHR (AOR=3.01, 95% CI, 3.01 (1.15–7.92=0.024)) and in patients without hypertension (AOR=1.97, 95% CI (1.06–3.56), p=0.021). A unit reduction in eGFR was also associated with HbA1c≥7% (AOR=0.99, 95% CI (0.98–1=0.031)). In a separate analysis, the data shows that 80.9% of the patients had dyslipidemia. In particular, 62.1% of the patients had TC≥200 mg/dL (risk factors: sex, hypertension, and HbA1c concentration), 81.6% had LDL‐C≥100 mg/dL (risk factors: sex and hypertension), 56.3% had TG≥150 (risk factors: sex, HbA1c, and waist circumference), 62.8% had abnormal HDL-C (risk factors: waist circumference), 78.3% had non‐HDL<130 mg/dL (risk factors: duration of disease, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, and HbA1c), and 45.3% had abnormal TG/HDL (risk factors: sex, age of patient, FPG, and waist circumference). Conclusions. The quality of care, as measured by glycemic and specific lipid targets, in this setting is suboptimal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for simultaneous improvements in both indicators. This will require evidence-based optimization of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Therefore, additional studies, preferably longitudinal studies with long follow-up, are required on multiple aspects of DM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Achila

Ghebretinsae

Kidane

et al. 2020

Journal of Diabetes Research

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“…Only 15% of 213 participants were fully adherent to their medications constituting a lower percentage than those (27). Another factor for poor adherence to medication is the fact that 62.4% of participants couldn't name the antidiabetic medications they were using.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This poor diabetes control can be attributed in part to poor diabetes medication adherence. A recent study in Eastern Sudan showed that 72% of type 2 diabetes have poor diabetes control ( 27 ). Another factor for poor adherence to medication is the fact that 62.4% of participants couldn’t name the antidiabetic medications they were using.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adherence to Antidiabetic Medications Among Sudanese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Badi

Abdalla

Altayeb

et al. 2019

Journal of Patient Experience

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Background: Adherence to antidiabetic medications is crucial for optimum glycemic control and decreasing complications. This study aimed to assess adherence to antidiabetic medications and the associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes attending Jabir Abu Eliz Diabetes Centre in Khartoum state, Sudan. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, recruited 213 individuals with type 2 diabetes, and used a pretested questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 21. Logistic regression analysis was used to check for factors that linked to poor adherence to diabetes medication. Results: The median duration of antidiabetic medications use was 8 years; 15.0% were highly adherent to diabetes medications, 44.6% were medium adherent, and 40.4% showed low adherence. Main factors and barriers were medication side effects (18.3%), use of herbal medicine (12.3%), and unavailability of medication (7%). Predictors to nonadherence were gender, and housing status (0.043 and 0.042, respectively). Conclusion: Level of adherence to diabetes medication was unsatisfactory as only 15% showed high adherence. Predictors of nonadherence were gender, and housing status. Effective interventions should be implemented to improve medication adherence, like appropriate patient education and involvement in the treatment plan.

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“…Although many studies have confirmed the relationship between glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with T2D, the results are quite inconsistent [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Khan HA et al reported that the level of HbA1c was positively correlated with TG, TC, and LDL-C, but negatively correlated with HDL-C [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Khan HA et al reported that the level of HbA1c was positively correlated with TG, TC, and LDL-C, but negatively correlated with HDL-C [ 10 ]. However, a cross-sectional study in Eastern Sudan showed that poor glycemic control was not associated with TG but was associated with high TC levels [ 11 ]. Furthermore, some studies showed that HbA1c was associated with TG and TC, rather than LDL-C and HDL-C [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Lipid Profiles and Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Qingdao, China

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was the best indicator of glycemic control, which did not show the dynamic relationship between glycemic control and lipid profiles. In order to guide the health management of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), we assessed the levels of lipid profiles and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and displayed the relationship between FPG control and lipid profiles. We conducted a cross-sectional study that included 5822 participants. Descriptive statistics were conducted according to gender and glycemic status respectively. Comparisons for the control of lipid profiles were conducted according to glycemic control. Four logistic regression models were generated to analyze the relationship between lipid profiles and glycemic control according to different confounding factors. The metabolic control percentage of FPG, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was 27.50%, 73.10%, 28.10%, 64.20% and 44.80% respectively. In the fourth model with the most confounding factors, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were 0.989 (0.935, 1.046), 0.862 (0.823, 0.903), 0.987 (0.920, 1.060) and 2.173 (1.761, 2.683). TC and HDL-C were statistically significant, and TG and LDL-C were not statistically significant with adjustment for different confounding factors. In conclusion, FPG was significantly associated with HDL and TC and was not associated with LDL and TG. Our findings suggested that TC and HDL should be focused on in the process of T2D health management.

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Assessment of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in the Eastern Sudan

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Adherence to Antidiabetic Medications Among Sudanese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Relationship between Lipid Profiles and Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Qingdao, China

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