Assessment of groundwater quality and associated health risk in the arid environment, Western Saudi Arabia

Rajmohan, Natarajan; Masoud, Milad; Niyazi, Burhan

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11383-x

Cited by 33 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Due to insufficient data to evaluate the latter pathway, the present analysis, however, only examined the exposure pathway of ingestion. Chronic daily intake (CDI) is estimated for a specific water sample as , : CDI oral = C ∗ IR ∗ EF ∗ ED BW ∗ AT where CDI oral is the chronic daily intake expressed in mg/kg/day. C is the concentration of the specific ion in the examined water sample, expressed in mg/L.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excessive groundwater pumping has also been linked with a deterioration in groundwater quality due to vertical leakage through aquitard in multilayer aquifer systems . Since groundwater quality in arid and semiarid areas is intimately linked to socioeconomic development, it is imperative to assess it. − In order to determine the causes of groundwater quality decline and offer sustainable groundwater management alternatives, studies on groundwater quality assessments have emerged as a topic of interest for academics around the world. − Nitrate and fluoride pollution in groundwater is a global concern due to its adverse impact on human health. , Agriculture-related activities cause the inorganic compounds present in fertilizers to enter bodies of surface water and groundwater, increasing the nitrate content in the water, which then returns to the soil through irrigation . Nitrates can harm human health by causing methemoglobinemia, thyroid problems, or cancer, as well as irreversible damage to the aquatic system. , Arid and semiarid regions globally have been associated with fluoride pollution. − Fluoride enters the human body mostly through drinking water .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater from the Harrat Khyber Flood Basalts, Northwest Saudi Arabia

Alshehri,

Zaidi

2023

ACS Omega

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The present study was carried out in the Harrat Khyber region of the Madinah province in Western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to determine the main factors affecting groundwater chemistry and assess the impact of groundwater quality on human health with respect to nitrate, fluoride, and heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium, and zinc). Hydrochemical data for 70 groundwater samples from dug wells and bore wells from Harrat Khyber were interpreted to achieve the research objective. The groundwater chemistry is influenced by ion-exchange and the evaporation process. A wide variation in the concentration of various major ions is observed primarily due to the varied nature of the aquifer system which includes the unconsolidated wadi deposits, weathered-fractured basaltic aquifer system, and subbasaltic sedimentary aquifer system. The total hazard quotient (THQ) with respect to NO 3 and F was determined. Although the F values are well within the limits of human consumption in water prescribed by WHO, the values of NO 3 exceed the allowable limits in 50% of the groundwater samples. The average THQ values are 2.16, 2.92, and 2.34 for adults, children, and infants, respectively, which makes the water unsafe for human consumption. Six heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium, and zinc) were used to calculate the heavy-metal contamination index (HCI). The average HCI value is 19.505. Overall HCI calculation shows that the groundwater is unpolluted with respect to heavy metals. The heavy metals in water are mainly of geogenic origin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater from the Harrat Khyber Flood Basalts, Northwest Saudi Arabia

Alshehri,

Zaidi

2023

ACS Omega

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“…Therefore, assessments of groundwater quality received more attention worldwide to provide safe water for various applications (Srinivas et al 2013) and the hydrogeochemical behavior of groundwater was evaluated using various techniques such as binary plots, ionic ratios, Wilcox plots, Piper diagrams, Schoeller diagram, USSL diagrams and GIS techniques (Chidambaram et al 2022). Previous studies assessed water quality for irrigation and drinking purposes by considering major parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), pH, SAR and major chemical elements, e.g., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , HCO 3 − , Na + , K + and SO 4 2− (Jamshidzadeh and Mirbagheri 2011, Pour et al 2014, Alavi et al 2016, Piroozfar et al 2018, Abbasnia et al 2019, Palmajumder et al 2021, Rajmohan et al 2021, Arota et al 2022. Moreover, several studies applied GIS techniques, such as IDW and Kriging interpolation methods, in order to show the spatiotemporal variations of water quality that provide a better understanding of future water resources quality trends (Mosaferi et al 2014, Alavi et al 2016, Makki et al 2021, Silva et al 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agricultural purposes using GIS, hydrochemical facies and water quality indices: case study of Rafsanjan plain, Kerman province, Iran

Hosseininia

Hassanzadeh

2023

Appl Water Sci

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This paper investigates the suitability of groundwater for domestic and agricultural use in the Rafsanjan plain, southwest part of the Daranjir–Saghand basin, Iran. Fifty-five groundwater samples were collected and analyzed by six methods including the water quality index (WQI), Schoeller diagram, irrigation water quality (IWQ) parameters, Piper diagram, US salinity diagram and Wilcox diagram. The spatial distribution maps of chemical parameters and groundwater quality indices were plotted using the IDW method in GIS. The results showed a low concentration of major ions in the southeastern part and a high concentration from the central part towards northwestern part of the plain. The concentration of major ions in groundwater was strongly affected by groundwater flow, geological setting and the existence of the evaporative layers in the studied area. Moreover, results revealed that most of samples exceeded the acceptable limits recommended by the WHO and ISIRI1053 standards for domestic and agricultural purposes. In most of the wells, groundwater was classified into saline and very hard categories. The analyses based on WQI values indicated that above 87% of water samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes. IWQ parameters expressed that 85%, 67%, 32%, 51%, 43% and 50% of samples had EC > 3000, Na% > 60%, MAR > 50%, KR > 1, SAR > 9 and Cl− > 350, respectively, which were unsuitable for irrigation use. The dominant hydrochemical facies of water was Na–Cl–SO4 type, and 63% and 22.8% of samples were categorized as C4S4 and C4S3 class, with very high-salinity–high-sodium hazards and very high-salinity–high-sodium hazards, respectively. It indicated that most irrigated lands in this study area were affected by different levels of salinity and sodicity hazards that caused decreases in plant growth and crop productivity. The results can assist decision-makers and planners in prioritizing groundwater resources management in the region.

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“…Several studies appraised the impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater [26][27][28][29][30], while some specific studies investigated the impact of industrial discharges on shallow groundwater in the river plain [31][32][33]. Deep aquifers primarily supply water to larger urban areas, while shallow wells are a common source of water supply in smaller rural settlements [34]. The past studies in arid regions have reported both cancer and non-cancer risks for raw water drawn from confined aquifers through deep wells [21,35,36]; however, there is no examination of HHRA in shallow wells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuzzy-Based Human Health Risk Assessment for Shallow Groundwater Well Users in Arid Regions

Thabit,

Haider,

Ghumman

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The conventional point-estimate human health risk assessment (HHRA) primarily uses average concentrations of a limited number of samples due to the high monitoring costs of heavy metals in groundwater. The results can be erroneous when concentrations significantly deviate from the average across the collected samples in an investigation region. The present research developed a hierarchical fuzzy-based HHRA (F-HHRA) framework to handle variations in limited data sets and subjectively established a broader range of risks for various exposure groups. Groundwater samples from 80 to 120 m deep in shallow wells were collected from agricultural farms along Wadi Rumah in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory testing found total dissolved solids much higher than the promulgated drinking water quality standards. As the aftertaste issue eliminated the raw water potability, the study considered dermal exposure for HHRA. The collected samples were tested for thirteen potential heavy metals (HMs), including barium (Ba), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (TI), and zinc (Zn). Cu, Fe, Pb, Ag, and TI were lower than the detectable limit of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry device. Concentrations of the remaining HMs in wastewater outfalls that were much less than the groundwater eradicated the impact of anthropogenic activities and affirmed natural contamination. Apart from 10% of the samples for Mn and 90% of the samples for Sr, all the other HMs remained within the desired maximum allowable concentrations. Point-estimate and fuzzy-based approaches yielded ‘low’ dermal non-cancer risk and cancer risk for all groups other than adults, where dermal cancer risk of Cr remained in the ‘acceptable’ (1 × 10−6 and 1 × 10−5) risk zone. Although dermal risk does not require controls, scenario analysis established the rationality of F-HHRA for more contaminated samples. The proposed hierarchical F-HHRA framework will facilitate the decision-makers in concerned agencies to plan risk mitigation strategies (household level and decentralized systems) for shallow well consumers in Saudi Arabia and other arid regions.

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Assessment of groundwater quality and associated health risk in the arid environment, Western Saudi Arabia

Cited by 33 publications

References 52 publications

Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater from the Harrat Khyber Flood Basalts, Northwest Saudi Arabia

Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater from the Harrat Khyber Flood Basalts, Northwest Saudi Arabia

Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agricultural purposes using GIS, hydrochemical facies and water quality indices: case study of Rafsanjan plain, Kerman province, Iran

Fuzzy-Based Human Health Risk Assessment for Shallow Groundwater Well Users in Arid Regions

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