Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Central Gangetic Plain Area of India Using Geospatial and WQI Techniques

Abstract

Suitability of water quality for the drinking and irrigation purposes is indispensable for the endurance of life and sustainability of the ecosystem. The present study is aimed to evaluate the groundwater quality for suitability of drinking and irrigation purposes in the central Gangetic plain area (Bhagarpur district, Bihar), India using the geo-spatial and waterqaulity index (WQI) techniques. Groundwater samples were collected randomly from 45 locations in the pre-monsoon (April -May) and post-monsoon (October-November) season respectively during the period between 2015 and 2016. The different major water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total hardness, Calcium (Ca++), Magnesium (Mg++), Sodium(Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl−), Carbonate (CO3−), Bicarbonate (HCO3−), and Fluoride (F−) were analyzed using standards methods. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were estimated for suitability of irrigation uses. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the degree of relation between groundwater variables. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater quality parameters were generated through Inverse distance weightage (IDW) interpolation technique in Arc-GIS software. The pH value of 4.4% of the groundwater samples was found exceeding the acceptable limit established by the WHO (2011)/BIS (2012). Cl− values ranges between 3.24 to 28.74 mg/l−1 in the pre-monsoon season and from 2.50 to 64.98 mg/l−1 in post-monsoon season. Magnesium are cross the limits (<50 mg/l−1) of WHO/BIS in both the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The F− concentration is higher in both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. The water quality index (WQI) indicates 4.44% of the pre-monsoon samples are good for drinking purposes, whereas the value increases to 31.11% during the post-monsoon in the study area. The higher value of RSC was portrayed in the entire Naugachhia block and the eastern part of the Goradih block for both the season. The higher concentration of sodicity problem is portrayed in the entire Goradih block, north-east of Gopalpur block, and south-west of Naugachhia block for both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. These results will be help planners, decision makers, local peoples, and Government to take necessary measures.

Spatial distribution of ground water quality index using remote sensing and GIS techniques

“…seasons. Analogues trends were observed by several investigator (Jinwal and Dixit 2008;Rajankar et al 2011;Dutta and Singh 2015;Khan et al 2015;Sharma et al 2017;Verma et al 2018Verma et al , 2020. None of the site falls under the excellent category during both seasons in present study area.…”

Evaluation of the water quality of some sulfur springs in Hammam Al-Alil sub-district in Nineveh governorate

“…Through the results, it is clear that the average values of the total hardness ranged between (820-1120) mg / l during the study period, as it reached its lowest value in site No. ( 1) and its highest value in site ( 9), due to the reason for the presence of total hardness in water to positive ions, especially calcium and magnesium ions 15 As the presence of calcium and magnesium ions depends on the geological nature of the land in which or through which water flows 16 Table (2) and Figure (7) show the average values.…”

Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study

“…Out of the total quantity of water present on the earth, only 3% is freshwater. Less than 1% of the available water is accessible for drinking purpose (Verma et al, 2018). Out of the entire sector, the maximum amount of groundwater is utilized in agriculture (Bhutiani et al, 2018a).…”

“…Therefore continuous monitoring of groundwater is made mandatory to reduce groundwater pollution and control over polluting agents. Water quality index (WQI) helps in understanding general quality status of a water source and therefore has been applied to both surface and groundwater for the quality estimation all over the world form the last few decades (Kaviarasan et al, 2016;Khan and Jhariya, 2017;Verma et al, 2018;Adimallaa and Qiana, 2019;Vaiphei et al, 2020). Several workers have studied industrial impact on groundwater quality in different regions of India (Bhutiani et al, 2016;Toure et al, 2017;Kwami et al, 2018;Bahmani and Palangi, 2018;Rao and Latha, 2019).…”