Assessment of Heavy Metal and E. coli Contamination in Water Sources of the East and South Districts, Sikkim Himalaya, India

Rai, Krity; Misra, Anil Kumar; Ranjan, Rakesh Kumar; Wanjari, Nishchal; Rajak, Rajeev; Yadav, Shailesh Kumar; Rai, Richard; Khan, Md. Abdullah

doi:10.1007/s41101-024-00257-9

Water Conserv Sci Eng

2024

DOI: 10.1007/s41101-024-00257-9

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Assessment of Heavy Metal and E. coli Contamination in Water Sources of the East and South Districts, Sikkim Himalaya, India

Krity Rai,

Anil Kumar Misra,

Rakesh Kumar Ranjan

et al.

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Analytical Investigation of Phthalates and Heavy Metals in Edible Ice from Vending Machines Connected to the Italian Water Supply

De Vietro,

Triggiano,

Cotugno

et al. 2024

Foods

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Edible ice is often produced by special machines that can represent a source of significant chemical and microbiological contamination. In this work, the presence of phthalic acid esters (phthalates, PAEs) and heavy metals in ice cubes distributed by 77 vending machines installed in two different zones in southern Italy and fed by water from the public water supply was investigated. Solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) was used to evaluate contamination with four PAEs, which were selected because they are commonly used in the production of food-contact plastics, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was used to quantify the heavy metals. It was found that ice samples, especially those from one of the two considered zones (zone 2), exceeded the dibutyl phthalate (DBP) threshold limit value; some ice cubes from the other zone (zone 1) instead showed levels of both lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) up to one order of magnitude higher than those observed in samples collected in zone 2 and higher than the maximum permitted values (European Directive n. 2184/2020). Since the water source connected to the ice vending machines was found to be free from significant levels of all considered target compounds and metals, the high levels of DBP, Ni, and Pb in ice cubes could be attributed to the components and/or to the state of repair of the ice vending machines themselves.

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Analytical Investigation of Phthalates and Heavy Metals in Edible Ice from Vending Machines Connected to the Italian Water Supply

De Vietro,

Triggiano,

Cotugno

et al. 2024

Foods

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show abstract

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Assessment of Heavy Metal and E. coli Contamination in Water Sources of the East and South Districts, Sikkim Himalaya, India

Cited by 1 publication

References 60 publications

Analytical Investigation of Phthalates and Heavy Metals in Edible Ice from Vending Machines Connected to the Italian Water Supply

Analytical Investigation of Phthalates and Heavy Metals in Edible Ice from Vending Machines Connected to the Italian Water Supply

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